Competition and Innovation in the EU Regulation of Pharmaceuticals: The Case of Parallel Trade
Competition and Innovation in the EU Regulation of Pharmaceuticals: The Case of Parallel Trade
复制标题
欧盟药品监管中的竞争与创新：平行贸易案例
DOI：
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发表时间：
2011
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
C. Desogus
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
C. Desogus
制药是现代生活中必不可少的一部分。他们帮助满足我们的
日常营养，卫生和医疗需求，并代表了一个主要的方法，
保持健康和治疗许多疾病和条件。他们的传播，
药物研究的进步，创造了一场“健康革命”，
预期寿命和提高生活质量。
与外科手术相比，药物是一种非常具有成本效益的手段，
政府应保护其公民的公共健康。这将有助于减少总
保健支出。然而，药品的成本越来越高，
这一支出的比例。这反过来又意味着，
政府加强对毒品预算控制的审查。
这些元素最近重新引起了人们对药物的兴趣。
行业的做法，特别是在公司的定价政策，从公众
和监管机构。他们经常声称药物定价过高，这可能会
损害了患者获得药物的机会及其健康权。
在缺乏有效的市场机制来控制过度的
政府采取了各种不同的政策工具来帮助
他们限制药品价格和医疗保健支出的上涨。
正是所使用的工具之间的差异促成了
各国价格差距大。这种价格上的差异是所谓的
平行贸易。
平行贸易是套利的一种形式，包括跨境出售
受知识产权（IPR）保护的产品，未经授权
知识产权所有人。平行贸易是一个完全欧盟的现象，因为它是基于
货物自由流动原则，如该原则中的判例所发展的
知识产权的区域用尽。根据这一原则，任何受保护的货物，
由知识产权所有人或经其同意在欧盟销售的产品，应沿着
供应链
textabstractPharmaceuticals are an essential part of modern life. They help satisfy our
everyday nutritional, sanitary and medical needs, and represent a primary method for
preserving health and treating many diseases and conditions. Their spread, fostered by
the progress of pharmaceutical research, created a ‘health revolution’, increasing human
life expectancy and improving quality of life.
Compared to surgical procedures, drugs represent a very cost-effective means for
governments to protect the public health of their citizens. This should help reduce total
health care expenditure. However, the cost of pharmaceuticals is accounting for an evergreater
proportion of that expenditure. This in turn means that there is increasing
scrutiny by governments to tighten budget controls on drugs.
These elements have recently generated a renewed interest in the pharmaceutical
industry’s practices, and especially in companies’ pricing policies, from both the public
and regulators. They frequently claim that drugs are priced too highly and that this may
undermine patients’ access to medicines, as well as their right to health.
In the absence of effective market mechanisms capable of controlling excessive
prices, governments have resorted to a wide variety of different policy tools to help
them cap the rise of drug prices and of their health care expenditures.
It is the difference between the tools used that has contributed to the presence of
large price gaps across countries. Such differences in prices are the basis of what is called
‘parallel trade’.
Parallel trade is a form of arbitrage that consists of the cross-border selling of a
product protected by an intellectual property right (IPR) without the authorisation of the
IPR owner. Parallel trade is an entirely EU phenomenon, because it is based on the
principle of free movement of goods, as developed by the jurisprudence in the principle
of regional exhaustion of IPRs. Under this principle any protected good that is first
marketed in the EU by the IPR owner, or with his consent, shall freely circulate along the
supply chain.
影响因子：
3.5
作者：
MCGUIRE, TG;PAULY, MV
通讯作者：
PAULY, MV
影响因子：
3.5
作者：
Danzon, PM;Chao, LW
通讯作者：
Chao, LW