Timing matters: the impact of immediate and delayed feedback on artificial language learning.
Timing matters: the impact of immediate and delayed feedback on artificial language learning.
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DOI：
10.3389/fnhum.2011.00008
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发表时间：
2011
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
Mecklinger A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Opitz B;Ferdinand NK;Mecklinger A
在本实验中，我们使用事件相关电位（ERP）来研究即时和延迟反馈在人工语法学习（AGL）任务中的作用。两组参与者根据参与者不知道的基本规则系统对非单词串进行分类。每次分类后立即或短暂延迟 1 秒提供视觉反馈。两组都能够学习人工语法系统，分类性能的提高表明了这一点。然而，与接收延迟反馈的组相比，接收立即反馈的组的性能增益明显更大。与即时反馈相比，延迟学习伴随着 ERP 中 P300 活动的增加。无论反馈延迟如何，两组仅由正反馈引起的反馈相关积极性（FRP）均表现出与学习相关的下降。然而，与反馈相关的消极情绪（FRN）在学习过程中保持不变。这些结果表明，首先，延迟反馈对于 AGL 来说效果较差，因为任务要求非常苛刻，其次，正预测误差引起的 FRP 随着学习而减少，而负预测误差的 FRN 是由整个实验中的负反馈以全有或全无的方式引起的。
In the present experiment, we used event-related potentials (ERP) to investigate the role of immediate and delayed feedback in an artificial grammar learning (AGL) task. Two groups of participants were engaged in classifying non-word strings according to an underlying rule system, not known to the participants. Visual feedback was provided after each classification either immediately or with a short delay of 1 s. Both groups were able to learn the artificial grammar system as indicated by an increase in classification performance. However, the gain in performance was significantly larger for the group receiving immediate feedback as compared to the group receiving delayed feedback. Learning was accompanied by an increase in P300 activity in the ERP for delayed as compared to immediate feedback. Irrespective of feedback delay, both groups exhibited learning related decreases in the feedback-related positivity (FRP) elicited by positive feedback only. The feedback-related negativity (FRN), however, remained constant over the course of learning. These results suggest, first, that delayed feedback is less effective for AGL as task requirements are very demanding, and second, that the FRP elicited by positive prediction errors decreases with learning while the FRN to negative prediction errors is elicited in an all-or-none fashion by negative feedback throughout the entire experiment.
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.012611199
发表时间：
2002-01-08
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Friederici, AD;Steinhauer, K;Pfeifer, E
通讯作者：
Pfeifer, E
影响因子：
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作者：
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影响因子：
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DOI：
10.1037/0278-7393.29.4.650
发表时间：
2003-07-01
影响因子：
2.6
作者：
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通讯作者：
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影响因子：
3.7
作者：
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通讯作者：
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