Observing wind, aerosol particles, cloud and precipitation: Finland's new ground-based remote-sensing network
Observing wind, aerosol particles, cloud and precipitation: Finland's new ground-based remote-sensing network
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观测风、气溶胶颗粒、云和降水：芬兰新的地面遥感网络
DOI：
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发表时间：
2013
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Y. Viisanen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
A. Hirsikko;E. O'connor;M. Komppula;K. Korhonen;A. Pfüller;E. Giannakaki;C. Wood;M. Bauer;A. Poikonen;T. Karppinen;H. Lonka;M. Kurri;J. Heinonen;D. Moisseev;E. Asmi;V. Aaltonen;Annika Nordbo;E. Rodríguez;H. Lihavainen;A. Laaksonen;K. Lehtinen;T. Laurila;T. Petäjä;M. Kulmala;Y. Viisanen
抽象的。芬兰气象研究所与赫尔辛基大学合作，在芬兰建立了一个新的地面遥感网络。该网络由从芬兰南部到北部的五个地形、生态和气候不同的地点组成。该网络的主要目标是近乎实时地监测空气污染和边界层特性，每个站点都有一台多普勒激光雷达和Ceileter。除这些业务任务外，还有两个站点是气溶胶、云和痕量气体研究基础设施网络(ACTRIS)的成员；索丹基拉的一个Ka波段云雷达将在Cloudnet内提供云层反演；库奥皮奥的一个多波长拉曼激光雷达PollyXT(扩展便携式激光雷达系统)通过EARLINET(欧洲气溶胶研究激光雷达网络)提供光学和微物理气溶胶特性。三个C波段天气雷达位于赫尔辛基大都市区，部署用于作战和研究应用。我们进行了两次内部比较活动，以研究多普勒激光雷达的性能，比较后向散射信号和风廓线，并通过调整望远镜焦距和数据积分时间来优化激光雷达的灵敏度，以确保在低气溶胶含量环境下有足够的信噪比(SNR)。在统计特征方面，不同激光雷达之间的风廓线比较显示出很好的一致性。最初，信噪比和衰减后向散射系数分布存在差异，这是由于一台仪器错误地报告了望远镜焦点设置，以及需要校准。在诊断了望远镜的真实焦距后，用新的望远镜函数计算了新的衰减后向散射系数剖面，并考虑了定标，得到的衰减后向散射剖面都表现出了良好的一致性。人们认为芬兰严寒的冬天可能会带来问题，但由于内置的加热系统，低环境温度对激光雷达的操作没有影响，或者只有很小的影响--包括扫描头运动。然而，已经观察到透镜上积雪和冰的积累，这可能导致水/冰层的形成，从而使信号不一致地衰减。因此，必须注意确保连续除雪。
Abstract. The Finnish Meteorological Institute, in collaboration with the University of Helsinki, has established a new ground-based remote-sensing network in Finland. The network consists of five topographically, ecologically and climatically different sites distributed from southern to northern Finland. The main goal of the network is to monitor air pollution and boundary layer properties in near real time, with a Doppler lidar and ceilometer at each site. In addition to these operational tasks, two sites are members of the Aerosols, Clouds and Trace gases Research InfraStructure Network (ACTRIS); a Ka band cloud radar at Sodankyla will provide cloud retrievals within CloudNet, and a multi-wavelength Raman lidar, PollyXT (POrtabLe Lidar sYstem eXTended), in Kuopio provides optical and microphysical aerosol properties through EARLINET (the European Aerosol Research Lidar Network). Three C-band weather radars are located in the Helsinki metropolitan area and are deployed for operational and research applications. We performed two inter-comparison campaigns to investigate the Doppler lidar performance, compare the backscatter signal and wind profiles, and to optimize the lidar sensitivity through adjusting the telescope focus length and data-integration time to ensure sufficient signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in low-aerosol-content environments. In terms of statistical characterization, the wind-profile comparison showed good agreement between different lidars. Initially, there was a discrepancy in the SNR and attenuated backscatter coefficient profiles which arose from an incorrectly reported telescope focus setting from one instrument, together with the need to calibrate. After diagnosing the true telescope focus length, calculating a new attenuated backscatter coefficient profile with the new telescope function and taking into account calibration, the resulting attenuated backscatter profiles all showed good agreement with each other. It was thought that harsh Finnish winters could pose problems, but, due to the built-in heating systems, low ambient temperatures had no, or only a minor, impact on the lidar operation – including scanning-head motion. However, accumulation of snow and ice on the lens has been observed, which can lead to the formation of a water/ice layer thus attenuating the signal inconsistently. Thus, care must be taken to ensure continuous snow removal.
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