Responsible Translation of Psychiatric Genetics and Other Neuroscience Developments: In Need of Empirical Bioethics Research.
Responsible Translation of Psychiatric Genetics and Other Neuroscience Developments: In Need of Empirical Bioethics Research.
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DOI：
10.1080/15265161.2017.1284917
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发表时间：
2017-04
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Lázaro-Muñoz G
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lázaro-Muñoz G
近年来，数十亿美元已被分配给大型神经科学项目，其目标是促进我们对神经功能的理解，开发神经技术，并最终改善神经精神病的护理和预防。这些项目包括美国脑研究通过推进创新神经技术（BRAIN）倡议，欧盟的人脑计划（HBP），美国国家精神卫生研究所的研究领域标准（RDoC）倡议，以及精神病基因组学联盟（PGC）等。尽管这些举措无疑会产生临床效益，但如果我们的目标是负责任地研究和转化它们产生的知识和技术，那么就必须从经验上研究潜在的危害包括机会成本以及所产生的伦理或“神经伦理学”挑战。这些举措已经产生效益。例如，在过去的8年中，PGC已经确定了100多个与精神分裂症可靠相关的基因组位点（PGC的精神分裂症工作组2014）。PGC通过汇集来自世界各地研究的资源和大样本，并使用无偏见的基于阵列的基因检测方法来实现这一目标。这一最新进展与精神病遗传学研究人员多年来的努力形成鲜明对比，他们试图用小样本和研究实验室之间的小合作来复制通过候选基因方法研究获得的结果（Farrell et al. 2015; Need and Goldstein 2014）。像PGC这样的计划的成功证明了大规模神经科学项目可以加速我们对精神疾病的理解，从生物学的角度来看，精神疾病是多因素和高度复杂的。诸如与精神分裂症相关的基因组位点的鉴定等发现可以导致更好的风险预测、资源分配、预防、药物靶点、诊断和治疗选择。这些举措的潜在临床效益的风险或患有精神疾病的个人是巨大的，特别是因为不像在其他领域的医学目前的理解和使用个人的生物信息在精神病护理是最小的。尽管有潜在的临床益处，但这些举措产生了需要解决的深刻的伦理挑战。他们的研究主题是大脑，正如许多人所说，“当你开始修补大脑时......这真的是在修补你是谁”（Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues 2014，11）。发展知识和技术，可能会导致更有效的方式来修改情绪，记忆，思想和行为输出产生伦理问题，在很大程度上，因为这些特征与人类的行为密切相关。
In recent years, billions of dollars have been allocated to largescale neuroscience projects with the goal of advancing our understanding of neural function, developing neurotechnologies, and, ultimately, improving neuropsychiatric care and prevention. These projects include the US Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative, the European Union’s Human Brain Project (HBP), the US National Institute of Mental Health’s Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Initiative, and the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC), among others. Although these initiatives will undoubtedly yield clinical benefits, if we aim to responsibly research and translate the knowledge and technologies they produce, it is essential to empirically examine the potential harms—including opportunity costs—and the ethical or “neuroethics” challenges generated. These initiatives are already yielding benefits. For example, over the past 8 years, the PGC has identified more than 100 genomic loci that are reliably associated with schizophrenia (Schizophrenia Working Group of the PGC 2014). The PGC achieved this by pooling resources and large samples from studies around the world and using an unbiased array-based genetic testing approach. This recent progress is in stark contrast to the years of struggle psychiatric genetics researchers faced trying to replicate findings obtained through candidate gene approach studies with small samples and little collaboration across research laboratories (Farrell et al. 2015; Need and Goldstein 2014). The success of initiatives like the PGC is evidence of how large-scale neuroscience projects can accelerate our understanding of psychiatric illnesses, which are known to be multifactorial and highly complex from a biological standpoint. Findings such as the identification of genomic loci associated with schizophrenia can lead to better risk prediction, resource allocation, prevention, drug targets, diagnosis, and treatment selection. The potential clinical benefits of these initiatives for individuals at risk or suffering from mental illness are immense, particularly since—unlike in other fields of medicine—current understanding and use of an individual’s biological information in psychiatric care are minimal. Despite potential clinical benefits, these initiatives generate profound ethical challenges that need to be addressed. Their subject of study is the brain, and as many have argued,“When you start tinkering with the brain... it’s really tinkering with who you are”(Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues 2014, 11). Developing knowledge and technologies that may lead to more effective ways of modifying emotions, memories, thoughts, and behavioral outputs generates ethical concerns, in great part, because these features are closely
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影响因子：
2.4
作者：
Lawrence RE;Appelbaum PS
通讯作者：
Appelbaum PS
影响因子：
11
作者：
Farrell, M. S.;Werge, T.;Sklar, P.;Owen, M. J.;Ophoff, R. A.;O'Donovan, M. C.;Corvin, A.;Cichon, S.;Sullivan, P. F.
通讯作者：
Sullivan, P. F.
影响因子：
64.8
作者：
Ripke, Stephan;Neale, Benjamin M.;Corvin, Aiden;Walters, James T. R.;Farh, Kai-How;Holmans, Peter A.;Lee, Phil;Bulik-Sullivan, Brendan;Collier, David A.;Huang, Hailiang;Pers, Tune H.;Agartz, Ingrid;Agerbo, Esben;Albus, Margot;Alexander, Madeline;Amin, Farooq;Bacanu, Silviu A.;Begemann, Martin;Belliveau, Richard A., Jr.;Bene, Judit;Bergen, Sarah E.;Bevilacqua, Elizabeth;Bigdeli, Tim B.;Black, Donald W.;Bruggeman, Richard;Buccola, Nancy G.;Buckner, Randy L.;Byerley, William;Cahn, Wiepke;Cai, Guiqing;Campion, Dominique;Cantor, Rita M.;Carr, Vaughan J.;Carrera, Noa;Catts, Stanley V.;Chambert, Kimberly D.;Chan, Raymond C. K.;Chen, Ronald Y. L.;Chen, Eric Y. H.;Cheng, Wei;Cheung, Eric F. C.;Chong, Siow Ann;Cloninger, C. Robert;Cohen, David;Cohen, Nadine;Cormican, Paul;Craddock, Nick;Crowley, James J.;Curtis, David;Davidson, Michael;Davis, Kenneth L.;Degenhardt, Franziska;Del Favero, Jurgen;Demontis, Ditte;Dikeos, Dimitris;Dinan, Timothy;Djurovic, Srdjan;Donohoe, Gary;Drapeau, Elodie;Duan, Jubao;Dudbridge, Frank;Durmishi, Naser;Eichhammer, Peter;Eriksson, Johan;Escott-Price, Valentina;Essioux, Laurent;Fanous, Ayman H.;Farrell, Martilias S.;Frank, Josef;Franke, Lude;Freedman, Robert;Freimer, Nelson B.;Friedl, Marion;Friedman, Joseph I.;Fromer, Menachem;Genovese, Giulio;Georgieva, Lyudmila;Giegling, Ina;Giusti-Rodriguez, Paola;Godard, Stephanie;Goldstein, Jacqueline I.;Golimbet, Vera;Gopal, Srihari;Gratten, Jacob;de Haan, Lieuwe;Hammer, Christian;Hamshere, Marian L.;Hansen, Mark;Hansen, Thomas;Haroutunian, Vahram;Hartmann, Annette M.;Henskens, Frans A.;Herms, Stefan;Hirschhorn, Joel N.;Hoffmann, Per;Hofman, Andrea;Hollegaard, Mads V.;Hougaard, David M.;Ikeda, Masashi;Joa, Inge;Julia, Antonio;Kahn, Rene S.;Kalaydjieva, Luba;Karachanak-Yankova, Sena;Karjalainen, Juha;Kavanagh, David;Keller, Matthew C.;Kennedy, James L.;Khrunin, Andrey;Kim, Yunjung;Klovins, Janis;Knowles, James A.;Konte, Bettina;Kucinskas, Vaidutis;Kucinskiene, Zita Ausrele;Kuzelova-Ptackova, Hana;Kahler, Anna K.;Laurent, Claudine;Keong, Jimmy Lee Chee;Lee, S. Hong;Legge, Sophie E.;Lerer, Bernard;Li, Miaoxin;Li, Tao;Liang, Kung-Yee;Lieberman, Jeffrey;Limborska, Svetlana;Loughland, Carmel M.;Lubinski, Jan;Lonnqvist, Jouko;Macek, Milan, Jr.;Magnusson, Patrik K. E.;Maher, Brion S.;Maier, Wolfgang;Mallet, Jacques;Marsal, Sara;Mattheisen, Manuel;Mattingsdal, Morten;McCarley, Robert W.;McDonald, Colm;McIntosh, Andrew M.;Meier, Sandra;Meijer, Carin J.;Melegh, Bela;Melle, Ingrid;Mesholam-Gately, Raquelle I.;Metspalu, Andres;Michie, Patricia T.;Milani, Lili;Milanova, Vihra;Mokrab, Younes;Morris, Derek W.;Mors, Ole;Murphy, Kieran C.;Murray, Robin M.;Myin-Germeys, Inez;Mueller-Myhsok, Bertram;Nelis, Mari;Nenadic, Igor;Nertney, Deborah A.;Nestadt, Gerald;Nicodemus, Kristin K.;Nikitina-Zake, Liene;Nisenbaum, Laura;Nordin, Annelie;O'Callaghan, Eadbhard;O'Dushlaine, Colm;O'Neill, F. Anthony;Oh, Sang-Yun;Olincy, Ann;Olsen, Line;Van Os, Jim;Pantelis, Christos;Papadimitriou, George N.;Papiol, Sergi;Parkhomenko, Elena;Pato, Michele T.;Paunio, Tiina;Pejovic-Milovancevic, Milica;Perkins, Diana O.;Pietilainen, Olli;Pimm, Jonathan;Pocklington, Andrew J.;Powell, John;Price, Alkes;Pulver, Ann E.;Purcell, Shaun M.;Quested, Digby;Rasmussen, Henrik B.;Reichenberg, Abraham;Reimers, Mark A.;Richards, Alexander L.;Roffman, Joshua L.;Roussos, Panos;Ruderfer, Douglas M.;Salomaa, Veikko;Sanders, Alan R.;Schall, Ulrich;Schubert, Christian R.;Schulze, Thomas G.;Schwab, Sibylle G.;Scolnick, Edward M.;Scott, Rodney J.;Seidman, Larry J.;Shi, Jianxin;Sigurdsson, Engilbert;Silagadze, Teimuraz;Silverman, Jeremy M.;Sim, Kang;Slominsky, Petr;Smoller, Jordan W.;So, Hon-Cheong;Spencer, Chris C. A.;Stahl, Eli A.;Stefansson, Hreinn;Steinberg, Stacy;Stogmann, Elisabeth;Straub, Richard E.;Strengman, Eric;Strohmaier, Jana;Stroup, T. Scott;Subramaniam, Mythily;Suvisaari, Jaana;Svrakic, Dragan M.;Szatkiewicz, Jin P.;Soderman, Erik;Thirumalai, Srinivas;Toncheva, Draga;Tosato, Sarah;Veijola, Juha;Waddington, John;Walsh, Dermot;Wang, Dai;Wang, Qiang;Webb, Bradley T.;Weiser, Mark;Wildenauer, Dieter B.;Williams, Nigel M.;Williams, Stephanie;Witt, Stephanie H.;Wolen, Aaron R.;Wong, Emily H. M.;Wormley, Brandon K.;Xi, Hualin Simon;Zai, Clement C.;Zheng, Xuebin;Zimprich, Fritz;Wray, Naomi R.;Stefansson, Kari;Visscher, Peter M.;Adolfsson, Rolf;Andreassen, Ole A.;Blackwood, Douglas H. R.;Bramon, Elvira;Buxbaum, Joseph D.;Borglum, Anders D.;Cichon, Sven;Darvasi, Ariel;Domenici, Enrico;Ehrenreich, Hannelore;Esko, Tonu;Gejman, Pablo V.;Gill, Michael;Gurling, Hugh;Hultman, Christina M.;Iwata, Nakao;Jablensky, Assen V.;Jonsson, Erik G.;Kendler, Kenneth S.;Kirov, George;Knight, Jo;Lencz, Todd;Levinson, Douglas F.;Li, Qingqin S.;Liu, Jianjun;Malhotra, Anil K.;McCarroll, Steven A.;McQuillin, Andrew;Moran, Jennifer L.;Mortensen, Preben B.;Mowry, Bryan J.;Noethen, Markus M.;Ophoff, Roel A.;Owen, Michael J.;Palotie, Aarno;Pato, Carlos N.;Petryshen, Tracey L.;Posthuma, Danielle;Rietschel, Marcella;Riley, Brien P.;Rujescu, Dan;Sham, Pak C.;Sklar, Pamela;St Clair, David;Weinberger, Daniel R.;Wendland, Jens R.;Werge, Thomas;Daly, Mark J.;Sullivan, Patrick F.;O'Donovan, Michael C.
通讯作者：
O'Donovan, Michael C.
影响因子：
5.3
作者：
Finn, CT;Wilcox, MA;Smoller, JW
通讯作者：
Smoller, JW
DOI：
10.1002/ajmg.b.30249
发表时间：
2006-01-05
影响因子：
2.8
作者：
DeLisi, LE;Bertisch, H
通讯作者：
Bertisch, H