Do apolipoprotein E genotype and educational attainment predict the rate of cognitive decline in normal aging? A 12-year follow-up of the Maastricht Aging Study.
Do apolipoprotein E genotype and educational attainment predict the rate of cognitive decline in normal aging? A 12-year follow-up of the Maastricht Aging Study.
复制标题
载脂蛋白 E 基因型和受教育程度是否可以预测正常衰老过程中认知能力下降的速度？
作者：
Pascal W. M. Van Gerven;M. V. van Boxtel;Eleonora E B Ausems;O. Bekers;J. Jolles
客观化
我们调查了可疑的载脂蛋白E(APOE)基因和教育程度的纵向交互作用对正常衰老的认知能力下降的影响。
方法
我们的样本包括571名健康的、非痴呆的成年人，年龄在49岁到82岁之间。线性混合模型分析以四个测量时间点进行：基线、3年、6年和12年随访。协变量包括基线年龄、性别和自我感觉的身心健康。相关测量是全球认知功能(Mini-Mini-Mini State Check；Folstein，Folstein，&McHugh，1975)，Stroop成绩(Stroop Colour-Word Test，Van Der Elst，Van Boxtel，Van Breukelen，&Jolles，2006a)，集合转移成绩(Set-Shift Test，Van Der Elst，Van Boxtel，Van Breukelen，&Jolles，2006b)，认知速度(字母-数字替代测试，Van der Elst，Van Boxtel，Van Breukelen，&Jolles，2006c)，言语学习(言语学习测试：五次试验之和；Van Der Elst，Van Boxtel，Van Breukelen，&Jolles，2005)和长期记忆(言语学习测试：延迟回忆)。
结果
我们发现，只有微弱的证据表明，年龄较大、受过高教育的载脂蛋白E-ε4等位基因携带者(无论合子与否)比年轻、受教育程度低的携带者和非携带者(无论受教育程度如何)显示出更明显的下降。此外，这一结果仅限于观念转变的表现，尤其是在6年至12年的随访期间观察到的。没有发现高等教育对六种认知测量中的任何一种都有保护作用。
结论
我们的结论是，载脂蛋白E-ε4等位基因和高教育程度的组合可能是老年人认知功能减退加速的危险因素，这一点以前已经报道过，但程度非常有限。此外，我们得出的结论是，在认知储备框架内，教育对年龄相关的认知衰退没有显著的保护力。
OBJECTIVE
We investigated suspected longitudinal interaction effects of apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype and educational attainment on cognitive decline in normal aging.
METHOD
Our sample consisted of 571 healthy, nondemented adults aged between 49 and 82 years. Linear mixed-models analyses were performed with four measurement time points: baseline, 3-year, 6-year, and 12-year follow-up. Covariates included age at baseline, sex, and self-perceived physical and mental health. Dependent measures were global cognitive functioning (Mini-Mental State Examination; Folstein, Folstein, & McHugh, 1975), Stroop performance (Stroop Color-Word Test; Van der Elst, Van Boxtel, Van Breukelen, & Jolles, 2006a), set-shifting performance (Concept Shifting Test; Van der Elst, Van Boxtel, Van Breukelen, & Jolles, 2006b), cognitive speed (Letter-Digit Substitution Test; Van der Elst, Van Boxtel, Van Breukelen, & Jolles, 2006c), verbal learning (Verbal Learning Test: Sum of five trials; Van der Elst, Van Boxtel, Van Breukelen, & Jolles, 2005), and long-term memory (Verbal Learning Test: Delayed recall).
RESULTS
We found only faint evidence that older, high-educated carriers of the APOE-ε4 allele (irrespective of zygosity) show a more pronounced decline than younger, low-educated carriers and noncarriers (irrespective of educational attainment). Moreover, this outcome was confined to concept-shifting performance and was especially observable between 6- and 12-year follow-ups. No protective effects of higher education were found on any of the six cognitive measures.
CONCLUSIONS
We conclude that the combination of APOE-ε4 allele and high educational attainment may be a risk factor for accelerated cognitive decline in older age, as has been reported before, but only to a very limited extent. Moreover, we conclude that, within the cognitive reserve framework, education does not have significant protective power against age-related cognitive decline.
DOI：
10.1093/geronb/60.2.p74
发表时间：
2005-03
期刊：
The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences
影响因子：
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作者：
T. Seeman;Mei-hua Huang;P. Bretsky;E. Crimmins;L. Launer;J. Guralnik
通讯作者：
T. Seeman;Mei-hua Huang;P. Bretsky;E. Crimmins;L. Launer;J. Guralnik