Formation of the Vertebrate Face Epigenetic and Functional Influences

Formation of the Vertebrate Face Epigenetic and Functional Influences
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脊椎动物面部表观遗传和功能影响的形成

DOI:
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发表时间:
1993
期刊:
影响因子:
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通讯作者:
S. Herring
S. Herring
中科院分区:
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作者:
S. Herring

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广义地说,“表观遗传学”是指细胞和细胞产物之间的整个一系列相互作用,这些相互作用导致形态发生和分化。因此,根据定义,所有的颅骨发育都是表观遗传的。在众多影响脊椎动物面部的表观遗传因素中,机械负荷似乎对骨骼组织的形成和生长特别重要。作为第一近似,骨在拉伸载荷的方向上生长,而生长的软骨的形状通过轴向压缩来调制。负荷的众多来源之一是功能(在出生或孵化之前,被定义为肌肉控制的运动)。例如,肌肉活动是附着骨骼的张力来源,因此肌肉解剖结构的差异可能是骨骼解剖结构差异的原因。一个可能的例子是猪咬肌的新增加和相关的不寻常的颧骨过程。瘫痪胎儿的哺乳动物下颌骨髁突的变化提供了一个戏剧性的说明功能如何调节软骨生长。这种个体发育过程可以解释下颌骨形状的物种特异性变化,这些变化通常被认为是自然选择的直接适应性结果。在一般情况下,mechamcal加载是一个相对较晚的作用表观遗传因素,主要影响面部结构的定量特征。然而,加载似乎参与了至少一个更基本的个体发育事件,初级颌关节转化为哺乳动物中耳。
Broadly speaking, “epigenetics” refers to the entire series of interactions among cells and cell products which leads to morphogenesis and differentiation. Thus all cranial development is epigenetic, by definition. Among the numerous epigenetic factors influencing the vertebrate face is mechanical loading Loading seems to be particularly significant for formation and growth of skeletal tissues. As a first approximation, bone grows in the direction of tensile loading, while the shapes of growing cartilages are modulated by axial compression. One of the many sources of loading is function (defined, before birth or hatching, as muscle-controlled movements). For example, muscle activity is a source of tension for bones of attachment, and differences in muscle anatomy may thus be responsible for differences in bony anatomy. A possible instance involves a new addition to the masseter muscle in pigs and an associated unusual process of the zygomatic bone. Changes in the mammalian mandibular condyle in paralyzed fetuses provide a dramatic illustration of how function regulates cartilage growth. Such ontogenetic processes may account for species-specific variations in mandibular shape that are conventionally regarded as the direct adaptive results of natural selection. In general, mechamcal loading is a relatively late-acting epigenetic factor and affects primarily quantitative features of facial structure However, loading appears to be involved in at least one more fundamental ontogenetic event, the transformation of the primary jaw joint into the mammalian middle ear.
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