Functional brain networks develop from a "local to distributed" organization.
Functional brain networks develop from a "local to distributed" organization.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000381
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发表时间：
2009-05
影响因子：
4.3
通讯作者：
Petersen SE
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fair DA;Cohen AL;Power JD;Dosenbach NU;Church JA;Miezin FM;Schlaggar BL;Petersen SE
成熟的人类大脑被组织成一系列专门的功能网络，这些网络灵活地相互作用以支持各种认知功能。发展研究往往试图确定指导这些功能网络成熟的组织原则。在这份报告中，我们结合联合收割机静息状态功能连接MRI（rs-fcMRI），图形分析，社区检测，和弹簧嵌入可视化技术来分析四个独立的网络在早期的研究中定义。正如我们以前所报道的，我们发现，在整个发展过程中，在解剖空间中接近的区域之间的“隔离”（相关强度普遍下降）和在空间中远离的选定区域之间的“整合”（相关强度增加）的趋势。这些早期趋势在多个网络中的推广表明，这是功能连接变化的一般发展原则，可以扩展到大规模大脑网络的大规模图论分析。儿童的社区主要是由解剖学上的接近性来安排的，而成人的社区主要反映了功能关系，正如成人fMRI研究所定义的那样。总之，在发育过程中，多功能网络的组织从儿童的局部解剖学重点转移到年轻成人的更“分布式”架构。我们认为，这种“本地到分布式”的发展特征具有重要的意义，了解认知神经系统的发展。此外，图度量（例如，聚类系数和平均路径长度）在儿童和成人图中是相似的，两者都显示出“小世界”性质，而通过模块化优化的社区检测揭示了图中的稳定社区，这些社区在幼儿和年轻成人之间明显不同。这些观察结果表明，学龄前儿童和成人都有相对有效的系统，可以以不同的方式解决类似的信息处理问题。生命的前二十年代表着感觉、运动和认知能力的非凡发展变化时期。发展认知神经科学的最终目标之一是将这一时期发生的复杂行为里程碑与底层神经基质同样复杂的功能和结构变化联系起来。实现这一目标不仅可以让我们更深入地了解正常发育，还可以更深入地了解发育障碍的本质。在这份报告中，我们使用计算分析，结合最近开发的MRI技术，测量自发的大脑活动，以帮助我们理解指导人类大脑成熟的原则。我们发现，儿童的大脑区域与其他区域的交流更多地是局部的，但随着年龄的增长，交流变得更加分散。有趣的是，儿童的沟通效率（以“小世界”网络衡量）与成人相当。我们认为，这些发现有重要的意义，了解成熟和功能的神经系统在典型和非典型的发展。
The mature human brain is organized into a collection of specialized functional networks that flexibly interact to support various cognitive functions. Studies of development often attempt to identify the organizing principles that guide the maturation of these functional networks. In this report, we combine resting state functional connectivity MRI (rs-fcMRI), graph analysis, community detection, and spring-embedding visualization techniques to analyze four separate networks defined in earlier studies. As we have previously reported, we find, across development, a trend toward ‘segregation’ (a general decrease in correlation strength) between regions close in anatomical space and ‘integration’ (an increased correlation strength) between selected regions distant in space. The generalization of these earlier trends across multiple networks suggests that this is a general developmental principle for changes in functional connectivity that would extend to large-scale graph theoretic analyses of large-scale brain networks. Communities in children are predominantly arranged by anatomical proximity, while communities in adults predominantly reflect functional relationships, as defined from adult fMRI studies. In sum, over development, the organization of multiple functional networks shifts from a local anatomical emphasis in children to a more “distributed” architecture in young adults. We argue that this “local to distributed” developmental characterization has important implications for understanding the development of neural systems underlying cognition. Further, graph metrics (e.g., clustering coefficients and average path lengths) are similar in child and adult graphs, with both showing “small-world”-like properties, while community detection by modularity optimization reveals stable communities within the graphs that are clearly different between young children and young adults. These observations suggest that early school age children and adults both have relatively efficient systems that may solve similar information processing problems in divergent ways. The first two decades of life represent a period of extraordinary developmental change in sensory, motor, and cognitive abilities. One of the ultimate goals of developmental cognitive neuroscience is to link the complex behavioral milestones that occur throughout this time period with the equally intricate functional and structural changes of the underlying neural substrate. Achieving this goal would not only give us a deeper understanding of normal development but also a richer insight into the nature of developmental disorders. In this report, we use computational analyses, in combination with a recently developed MRI technique that measures spontaneous brain activity, to help us to understand the principles that guide the maturation of the human brain. We find that brain regions in children communicate with other regions more locally but that over age communication becomes more distributed. Interestingly, the efficiency of communication in children (measured as a ‘small world’ network) is comparable to that of the adult. We argue that these findings have important implications for understanding both the maturation and the function of neural systems in typical and atypical development.
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影响因子：
5.3
作者：
Achard, S;Salvador, R;Bullmore, ET
通讯作者：
Bullmore, ET
影响因子：
64.8
作者：
Bi, GQ;Poo, MM
通讯作者：
Poo, MM
DOI：
10.1098/rstb.2005.1634
发表时间：
2005-05-29
影响因子：
6.3
作者：
Beckmann, CF;DeLuca, M;Smith, SM
通讯作者：
Smith, SM
影响因子：
3.7
作者：
Durston, S;Davidson, MC;Casey, BJ
通讯作者：
Casey, BJ
影响因子：
--
作者：
Berger, H
通讯作者：
Berger, H