Competition, prey, and mortalities influence gray wolf group size
Competition, prey, and mortalities influence gray wolf group size
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竞争、猎物和死亡率影响灰狼群体规模
DOI：
10.1002/jwmg.22193
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发表时间：
2022
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Loonam, Kenneth E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Sells, Sarah N.;Mitchell, Michael S.;Podruzny, Kevin M.;Ausband, David E.;Emlen, Douglas J.;Gude, Justin A.;Smucker, Ty D.;Boyd, Diane K.;Loonam, Kenneth E.
群体生活只存在于10%-15%的食肉动物中，并会影响人口统计过程。社会性与利益相关，包括增加获取资源的能力，降低死亡风险，以及增加生殖成功。我们假设，食肉动物群体的规模受到与竞争、猎物和死亡风险相关的条件的影响，这些条件应该会影响社会性的收益和成本以及由此产生的人口统计过程。我们在灰狼(犬狼群)身上验证了我们的假设，使用了来自美国落基山脉北部大量管理种群的14年数据集。年平均群体规模为4.86-7.03，总体平均为5.92。大多数团体都相对较小，80%的团体包含≤8成员。在同种种群密度较高的地区，种群较大，而在猎物可获得性较低的地区，种群较小。种群规模在未收获或低强度收获时基本保持稳定，但在高强度收获时有所下降。结果支持这一假设，即随着栖息地变得饱和，包容性适合度可能变得越来越重要，以至于下属物种推迟了扩散。除了对出生和死亡的直接影响外，与猎物和死亡风险有关的情况也可能影响扩散决定。我们的工作还提供了一个模型来预测我们系统中的狼的群体大小，直接满足了管理需求。
Group living is found in only 10–15% of carnivorans and can shape demographic processes. Sociality is associated with benefits including increased ability to acquire resources, decreased risk of mortality, and increased reproductive success. We hypothesized that carnivore group size is influenced by conditions related to competition, prey, and mortality risk, which should affect benefits and costs of sociality and resulting demographic processes. We evaluated our hypotheses with gray wolves (Canis lupus) using a 14‐year dataset from a large, heavily managed population in the northern Rocky Mountains, USA. Annual mean group size ranged 4.86–7.03 and averaged 5.92 overall. Most groups were relatively small, with 80% containing ≤8 members. Groups were larger in areas with higher densities of conspecific groups, and smaller where prey availability was low. Group sizes remained largely stable while the population was unharvested or under low‐intensity harvest but declined under high‐intensity harvest. Results support the hypothesis that as habitat becomes saturated, inclusive fitness may become increasingly important such that subordinates delay dispersal. In addition to direct implications for birth and deaths, conditions related to prey and mortality risk may also influence dispersal decisions. Our work also provided a model to predict group size of wolves in our system, directly fulfilling a management need.
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