Scientists' warning on extreme wildfire risks to water supply.
Scientists' warning on extreme wildfire risks to water supply.
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DOI：
10.1002/hyp.14086
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发表时间：
2021-05
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
Wei Y
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Robinne FN;Hallema DW;Bladon KD;Flannigan MD;Boisramé G;Bréthaut CM;Doerr SH;Di Baldassarre G;Gallagher LA;Hohner AK;Khan SJ;Kinoshita AM;Mordecai R;Nunes JP;Nyman P;Santín C;Sheridan G;Stoof CR;Thompson MP;Waddington JM;Wei Y
2020年是野火记录之年。加州在火灾季节的早期经历了三场最大的火灾。潘塔纳尔湿地是地球上最大的湿地，烧毁了超过20%的表面。在2019-2020年澳大利亚火灾季节，超过1800万公顷的森林和灌木丛被烧毁，造成33人死亡，近2500所房屋被毁，许多特有物种濒临灭绝。损害的直接成本以数百亿美元计，但与水有关的生态系统服务和效益的间接成本可能同样昂贵，其影响将持续数十年。在澳大利亚，导致灾难性野火季节中断的极端降雨量(“200 mm Day−1在多个地点”)引发了从源头到下游的一系列分水岭效应。来自烧毁地区的径流和侵蚀增加，扰乱了几个地区的供水。这些通过水源污染、山洪暴发和泥石流造成的火灾后分水岭危害可能对饮用水生产、水生生物和社会经济活动构成重大的、系统性的长期风险。类似于最近在澳大利亚发生的事件的情况现在预计将在美国西部展开。这是一个新的现实，随着未知的火灾活动、水危机和广泛的人类足迹在世界各地相撞，社会将不得不接受。因此，我们主张对野火流域风险治理采取更积极主动的方法，以努力促进和保护水安全。我们还认为，降低这一风险没有简单的解决方案，对绿色(即天然)和灰色(即建造的)基础设施的投资将是必要的。此外，我们提出了将现代数据分析与现有工具相结合的战略，供世界各地的水和土地管理者使用，以利用几十年来关于火灾后水文学的数据和知识。野火是日益威胁全世界水安全的社会水文极端现象的来源；这种情况可称为野火分水岭风险(WWR)。WWR因地理位置不同而不同，需要适应当地情况的治理，以有效降低灾害风险。分水岭保护、森林恢复(包括重新引入火灾)和适应水基础设施是减少供水易受野火影响的答案。
2020 is the year of wildfire records. California experienced its three largest fires early in its fire season. The Pantanal, the largest wetland on the planet, burned over 20% of its surface. More than 18 million hectares of forest and bushland burned during the 2019–2020 fire season in Australia, killing 33 people, destroying nearly 2500 homes, and endangering many endemic species. The direct cost of damages is being counted in dozens of billion dollars, but the indirect costs on water‐related ecosystem services and benefits could be equally expensive, with impacts lasting for decades. In Australia, the extreme precipitation (“200 mm day −1 in several location”) that interrupted the catastrophic wildfire season triggered a series of watershed effects from headwaters to areas downstream. The increased runoff and erosion from burned areas disrupted water supplies in several locations. These post‐fire watershed hazards via source water contamination, flash floods, and mudslides can represent substantial, systemic long‐term risks to drinking water production, aquatic life, and socio‐economic activity. Scenarios similar to the recent event in Australia are now predicted to unfold in the Western USA. This is a new reality that societies will have to live with as uncharted fire activity, water crises, and widespread human footprint collide all‐around of the world. Therefore, we advocate for a more proactive approach to wildfire‐watershed risk governance in an effort to advance and protect water security. We also argue that there is no easy solution to reducing this risk and that investments in both green (i.e., natural) and grey (i.e., built) infrastructure will be necessary. Further, we propose strategies to combine modern data analytics with existing tools for use by water and land managers worldwide to leverage several decades worth of data and knowledge on post‐fire hydrology. Wildfires are a source of socio‐hydrological extremes that increasingly threaten water security across the world; this situation may be referred to as wildfire‐watershed risks (WWR). WWR geographically vary and require locally‐adapted governance for efficient disaster risk reduction. A combination of watershed protection, forest restoration (including fire reintroduction), and adaptation of water infrastructures is the answer to reduce water supply vulnerability to wildfires.
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影响因子：
6.3
作者：
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