When more is more: redundant modifiers can facilitate visual search.
When more is more: redundant modifiers can facilitate visual search.
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DOI：
10.1186/s41235-021-00275-4
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发表时间：
2021-02-17
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Ferreira F
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Rehrig G;Cullimore RA;Henderson JM;Ferreira F
根据格赖斯的数量准则，说话者提供的信息量是听者正确理解话语所需的信息量，仅此而已（格赖斯在《逻辑与对话》，1975年）。然而，说话者往往会违反数量准则，特别是当冗余信息提高参考精度时（Degen et al. in Psychol Rev 127（4）：591-621，2020）。冗余（非对比）信息可以促进现实世界的搜索，如果它缩小了考虑中的空间范围，或提高目标模板的特异性。目前的研究调查是否非对比修饰语，提高参考精度促进视觉搜索在现实世界中的场景。在两个视觉搜索实验中，我们比较了搜索性能时，感知相关，但非对比修饰符包括在搜索指令。参与者（NEXP. 1 = 48，NEXP。2 = 48）搜索一个独特的目标对象后，搜索指令，不包含修饰符，位置修饰符（实验1：在左上角，实验2：在货架上），或颜色修饰符（黑灯）。仅在实验1中，当口头指令包括任一修改器时，目标被更快地定位，并且在两个实验共同的场景和条件的组合分析中，颜色修改器具有整体益处。结果表明，违反的最大数量可以促进搜索时，违反包括任务相关的信息，无论是增强目标模板或约束搜索空间，当至少有一个修饰符提供了一个高度可靠的线索。与Degen et al.（2020）一致，我们得出的结论是，听者受益于非对比信息，提高了参考精度，并参与理性的参考理解。这项研究调查了提供比某人在照片中找到物体所需的更多信息是否有助于他们更容易找到该物体，即使这意味着他们需要解释更复杂的句子。在搜索场景之前，参与者要么被告知物体在场景中的位置，物体的颜色，要么只被告知要搜索什么物体。结果表明，只有当至少一条信息传达了对象所在的场景部分时，提供额外的信息才能帮助参与者更容易地在图像中定位对象，这表明只要信息是具体的，并帮助接收者实现目标，更多的信息就可以是有益的。我们的结论是，人们会注意到冗余信息时，它支持他们的任务。在实践中，我们的研究结果表明，在其他情况下的指令（例如，真实世界的导航，使用智能手机应用程序，处方说明等）可以从包含看起来是冗余的信息中受益。
According to the Gricean Maxim of Quantity, speakers provide the amount of information listeners require to correctly interpret an utterance, and no more (Grice in Logic and conversation, 1975). However, speakers do tend to violate the Maxim of Quantity often, especially when the redundant information improves reference precision (Degen et al. in Psychol Rev 127(4):591–621, 2020). Redundant (non-contrastive) information may facilitate real-world search if it narrows the spatial scope under consideration, or improves target template specificity. The current study investigated whether non-contrastive modifiers that improve reference precision facilitate visual search in real-world scenes. In two visual search experiments, we compared search performance when perceptually relevant, but non-contrastive modifiers were included in the search instruction. Participants (NExp. 1 = 48, NExp. 2 = 48) searched for a unique target object following a search instruction that contained either no modifier, a location modifier (Experiment 1: on the top left, Experiment 2: on the shelf), or a color modifier (the black lamp). In Experiment 1 only, the target was located faster when the verbal instruction included either modifier, and there was an overall benefit of color modifiers in a combined analysis for scenes and conditions common to both experiments. The results suggest that violations of the Maxim of Quantity can facilitate search when the violations include task-relevant information that either augments the target template or constrains the search space, and when at least one modifier provides a highly reliable cue. Consistent with Degen et al. (2020), we conclude that listeners benefit from non-contrastive information that improves reference precision, and engage in rational reference comprehension. This study investigated whether providing more information than someone needs to find an object in a photograph helps them to find that object more easily, even though it means they need to interpret a more complicated sentence. Before searching a scene, participants were either given information about where the object would be located in the scene, what color the object was, or were only told what object to search for. The results showed that providing additional information helped participants locate an object in an image more easily only when at least one piece of information communicated what part of the scene the object was in, which suggests that more information can be beneficial as long as that information is specific and helps the recipient achieve a goal. We conclude that people will pay attention to redundant information when it supports their task. In practice, our results suggest that instructions in other contexts (e.g., real-world navigation, using a smartphone app, prescription instructions, etc.) can benefit from the inclusion of what appears to be redundant information.
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影响因子：
2.6
作者：
Ferreira, F
通讯作者：
Ferreira, F
影响因子：
1.7
作者：
Castelhano, Monica S.;Heaven, Chelsea
通讯作者：
Heaven, Chelsea
DOI：
10.1080/09541440143000050
发表时间：
2002-04-01
期刊：
EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
影响因子：
--
作者：
Belke, E;Meyer, AS
通讯作者：
Meyer, AS
DOI：
10.3758/s13414-014-0764-6
发表时间：
2015-01
期刊：
Attention, perception & psychophysics
影响因子：
--
作者：
Hout MC;Goldinger SD
通讯作者：
Goldinger SD
影响因子：
1.8
作者：
Boettcher, Sage E. P.;Draschkow, Dejan;Vo, Melissa L-H.
通讯作者：
Vo, Melissa L-H.