Floating Seismographs (MERMAIDS)
Floating Seismographs (MERMAIDS)
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浮动地震仪（MERMAIDS）
DOI：
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发表时间：
2020
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
G. Nolet
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Y. Hello;G. Nolet
由于需要观测海洋中的深海洋流，英国的John Swallow和美国的亨利Stommel在20世纪50年代中期开发了潜艇浮子（参见Riser等人2018年的综述）。虽然早期的浮标配备了水听器，但这仅用于通过记录水面船只间歇发射的爆炸物来跟踪浮标位置。第一个地震学应用是由布拉德纳等人（1970年）完成的，他们在球形铝浮子（图1）上配备了一个三分量地震仪，用于记录1200 m深处0.02 - 5 Hz的微震噪声。D 'Spain和Hodgkiss（1991）使用直径为17英寸的底栖生物玻璃壳作为浮子，测量1-20 Hz频带内的背景噪声水平。Nolet（1991）分析了该仪器的数据，发现在安德烈亚诺夫群岛（距离47）26公里深处有一个6.8级地震的微弱信号，表明浮动地震仪原则上可以用来记录地震。当时，这项技术还不够先进，无法让漂浮物在海洋中独立运行。这随着RAFOS和SOLO浮标等海洋学自主传感器的发展而改变（Riser等人2018 - SOLO代表Sounding Oceanographic Lagrangian Observer，缩写RAFOS是'SOFAR'，SOund Fixing And Ranging，向后拼写。它可以通过卫星（Argos）传输少量数据，并在浮出水面时通过全球定位系统定位，从而无需水面船只跟踪。现代的浮子有一个囊，使它能够改变其体积，并寻找它处于中性浮力的深度，因为海水的密度随着深度的增加而缓慢增加。1500 m的标称巡航深度是一个很好的折衷方案，可以在监测期间获得良好的信噪比，并缩短浮到水面所需的时间，以降低功耗。Simons等人（2009年）成功地测试了一个连接到SOLO浮子上的水听器，以记录一些地震信号。Hello等人（2011年）改造了RAFOS浮标，随后开发了第一个能够自主检测地震并通过卫星传输的MERMAID。目前版本的MERMAID使用一个17英寸的玻璃球，由OSEAN-SAS和蔚蓝海岸大学开发，这两所大学都位于法国南部。
The need to observe the abyssal current in the oceans led John Swallow in the UK and Henry Stommel in the USA to develop submarine floats in the mid-1950s (see Riser et al. 2018, for a review). Though the early floats were equipped with a hydrophone, this was only used to track the float position by recording intermittently fired explosives from a surface vessel. The first seismological application was by Bradner et al. (1970), who equipped a spherical aluminum float (Fig. 1) with a 3-component seismometer to record microseismic noise between 0.02 and 5 Hz at a depth of 1200 m. D’Spain and Hodgkiss (1991) used 17-inch diameter Benthos glass shell as a float to measure the background noise level in the 1–20 Hz frequency band. Nolet (1991) analyzed data from this instrument and discovered a weak signal of an earthquake of magnitude 6.8 at a depth of 26 km in the Andreanoff Islands (distance 47 ) showing that floating seismographs could in principle be used to record teleseisms. At the time, the technology was not yet advanced enough to have floats operate independently in mid-ocean. This changed with the development of autonomous sensors for oceanography such as RAFOS and SOLO floats (Riser et al. 2018 – SOLO stands for Sounding Oceanographic Lagrangian Observer, the acronym RAFOS is ‘SOFAR’, for SOund Fixing And Ranging, spelled backwards.), which can transmit a small volume of data by satellite (Argos) and be located by GPS when surfacing, thus obviating the need for tracking by a surface vessel. A modern float has a bladder that allows it to vary its volume and seek the depth where it is neutrally buoyant, since the density of seawater increases slowly with depth. A nominal cruising depth of 1500 m is a good compromise to get a good signal to noise ratio during monitoring and time needed to rise to surface in order to reduce the power consumption. Simons et al. (2009) successfully tested a hydrophone attached to a SOLO float to record a number of earthquake signals. Adapting a RAFOS float, Hello et al. (2011) subsequently developed the first MERMAID capable of autonomously detecting earthquakes and transmitting these by satellite. The current version of the MERMAID uses a 17-inch glass sphere and was developed by OSEAN-SAS and the University of the Côte d’Azur, both located in the south France.
通过非常规应用浮动地震仪对加拉帕戈斯地幔柱进行成像
影响因子：
4.6
作者：
Nolet, Guust;Hello, Yann;Lee, Suzan van;Bonnieux, Sébastien;Ruiz, Mario C.;Pazmino, Nelson A.;Deschamps, Anne;Regnier, Marc M.;Font, Yvonne;Chen, Yongshun J.
通讯作者：
Chen, Yongshun J.