Interactions of pathogens and irritant chemicals in land-applied sewage sludges (biosolids).
Interactions of pathogens and irritant chemicals in land-applied sewage sludges (biosolids).
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DOI：
10.1186/1471-2458-2-11
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发表时间：
2002-06-28
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
Pumphrey C
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lewis DL;Gattie DK;Novak ME;Sanchez S;Pumphrey C
在西欧、美国和加拿大，用处理过的污水污泥施肥已经成为一种普遍的做法，这些污泥通常含有低水平的病原体、内毒素和微量的工业和家用化学品。然而，地方政府越来越多地限制或禁止这种做法，以应对居民报告的不利健康影响。这些自我报告的疾病尚未得到研究，需要制定评估居民社区暴露于经处理的污水污泥污染物的方法。为了描述和记录居民报告的不良影响，在美国和加拿大的10个地点询问了48名个人的环境暴露和症状。获得了另外5例葡萄球菌感染暴发的信息，这些病例发生在宾夕法尼亚州罗贝索尼亚的一个土地施用地点附近。在涉及住院或其他医疗的情况下，对医疗记录进行了审查。由于大多数投诉与空气中的污染物有关，因此使用空气扩散模型作为可能排除暴露于污泥作为不良反应原因的手段。受影响的居民居住在距离土地申请地点约1公里的范围内，他们普遍抱怨受到刺激（例如，皮疹和眼睛、喉咙和肺的灼伤）。金黄色葡萄球菌感染的皮肤和呼吸道的患病率被发现。大约1/4的54个人被感染，包括2例死亡（败血症，肺炎）。这一结果与S.金黄色葡萄球菌感染伴随尿布疹，其中通常在人类结肠下部发现的有机体倾向于侵入受刺激或发炎的组织。在评估在居民区使用污水污泥的公共卫生风险时，应考虑化学污染物与低水平病原体的潜在相互作用。当对内毒素和其他化学成分的过敏和非过敏反应刺激皮肤和粘膜，从而损害正常的感染屏障时，可能会增加感染的风险。
Fertilisation of land with processed sewage sludges, which often contain low levels of pathogens, endotoxins, and trace amounts of industrial and household chemicals, has become common practice in Western Europe, the US, and Canada. Local governments, however, are increasingly restricting or banning the practice in response to residents reporting adverse health effects. These self-reported illnesses have not been studied and methods for assessing exposures of residential communities to contaminants from processed sewage sludges need to be developed. To describe and document adverse effects reported by residents, 48 individuals at ten sites in the US and Canada were questioned about their environmental exposures and symptoms. Information was obtained on five additional cases where an outbreak of staphylococcal infections occurred near a land application site in Robesonia, PA. Medical records were reviewed in cases involving hospitalisation or other medical treatment. Since most complaints were associated with airborne contaminants, an air dispersion model was used as a means for potentially ruling out exposure to sludge as the cause of adverse effects. Affected residents lived within approximately 1 km of land application sites and generally complained of irritation (e.g., skin rashes and burning of the eyes, throat, and lungs) after exposure to winds blowing from treated fields. A prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus infections of the skin and respiratory tract was found. Approximately 1 in 4 of 54 individuals were infected, including 2 mortalities (septicaemia, pneumonia). This result was consistent with the prevalence of S. aureus infections accompanying diaper rashes in which the organism, which is commonly found in the lower human colon, tends to invade irritated or inflamed tissue. When assessing public health risks from applying sewage sludges in residential areas, potential interactions of chemical contaminants with low levels of pathogens should be considered. An increased risk of infection may occur when allergic and non-allergic reactions to endotoxins and other chemical components irritate skin and mucus membranes and thereby compromise normal barriers to infection.
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影响因子：
6.3
作者：
Gregersen, P;Grunnet, K;Madsen, H
通讯作者：
Madsen, H
影响因子：
3.6
作者：
BROOK, I
通讯作者：
BROOK, I
影响因子：
11.8
作者：
Sherertz, RJ;Bassetti, S;Bassetti-Wyss, B
通讯作者：
Bassetti-Wyss, B
影响因子：
--
作者：
LEYDEN, JJ;KLIGMAN, AM
通讯作者：
KLIGMAN, AM
影响因子：
11.4
作者：
Lewis, DL;Gattie, DK
通讯作者：
Gattie, DK