Immunity and immunopathology to viruses: what decides the outcome?
Immunity and immunopathology to viruses: what decides the outcome?
复制标题
DOI：
10.1038/nri2802
复制
发表时间：
2010-07
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
人类经常接触到许多病毒，但感染的后果在不同的个体中是不同的。宿主与病毒相互作用的结果取决于感染的剂量和途径、病毒毒力特性以及主要涉及先天和适应性免疫的几种宿主因素。影响病毒感染结果的宿主因素包括遗传因素，例如MHC等位基因的多态性、编码先天受体、细胞因子、趋化因子受体的基因的突变、年龄、内源性和持续性感染的性质以及预先暴露于其他感染。宿主具有许多抗炎活性，限制了感染引起的组织损伤的程度。成功的病原体如HIV、B肝炎病毒（HBV）、HCV和疱疹病毒在宿主中持续存在，作为慢性或潜伏感染，有或没有引起立即的不良反应;然而，当宿主免疫功能低下时，它们可能具有致命的后果。引起慢性感染的病毒影响免疫细胞以产生主要的抗炎细胞因子，如白介素-10（IL-10）和转化生长因子-β（TGFβ），并且它们上调效应T细胞上的抑制性受体，使其具有耗竭表型。为什么同一种病毒在不同的人身上会有不同的结果？在这里，作者描述了病毒特性、感染环境和宿主因素（如免疫调节机制和遗传易感性）如何影响结果。许多病毒感染人类，并且大多数被免疫系统满意地控制，对宿主组织的损害有限。然而，有些病毒确实会对宿主造成明显的损害，无论是在孤立的情况下还是作为感染后通常发生的反应。结果受感染病毒的性质、感染环境和宿主控制的若干因素的影响。在这篇综述中，我们重点关注影响病毒感染结果的宿主因素，包括遗传易感性、感染时宿主的年龄、感染的剂量和途径、抗炎细胞和蛋白的诱导，以及并发感染和过去接触交叉反应剂的情况。
Humans are constantly exposed to numerous viruses but the consequences of infection are different in different individuals. The outcome of host–viral interactions depend on the dose and route of infection, viral virulence properties, as well as several host factors that mainly involve innate and adaptive immunity. Host factors that influence the outcome of viral infection include genetic factors, such as polymorphism in MHC alleles, mutations in genes encoding innate receptors, cytokines, chemokine receptors, age, the nature of endogenous and persistent infections and pre-exposure to other infections. The host has numerous anti-inflammatory activities that limit the extent of tissue damage caused by infections. Successful pathogens such as HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), HCV and herpesviruses persist either as chronic or latent infections in the host with or without causing immediate ill effects; however, they may have lethal consequences when the host is immunocompromised. Viruses that cause chronic infection influence immune cells to produce predominantly anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ), and they upregulate inhibitory receptors on effector T cells giving them an exhaustion phenotype. How can infection with the same virus have different outcomes in different individuals? Here, the authors describe how the outcome is influenced by virus properties, the circumstances of infection and host factors, such as immune regulatory mechanisms and genetic susceptibility. Many viruses infect humans and most are controlled satisfactorily by the immune system with limited damage to host tissues. Some viruses, however, do cause overt damage to the host, either in isolated cases or as a reaction that commonly occurs after infection. The outcome is influenced by properties of the infecting virus, the circumstances of infection and several factors controlled by the host. In this Review, we focus on host factors that influence the outcome of viral infection, including genetic susceptibility, the age of the host when infected, the dose and route of infection, the induction of anti-inflammatory cells and proteins, as well as the presence of concurrent infections and past exposure to cross-reactive agents.
登录
查看更多内容
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.0811139106
发表时间：
2008-12-23
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Brooks, David G.;Ha, Sang-Jun;Oldstone, Michael B. A.
通讯作者：
Oldstone, Michael B. A.
影响因子：
6.4
作者：
Bochud, Pierre-Yves;Magaret, Amalia S.;Wald, Anna
通讯作者：
Wald, Anna
影响因子：
14.2
作者：
Dakhama, Azzeddine;Lee, Young-Mok;Gelfand, Erwin W.
通讯作者：
Gelfand, Erwin W.
影响因子：
30.5
作者：
Blackburn, Shawn D.;Shin, Haina;Haining, W. Nicholas;Zou, Tao;Workman, Creg J.;Polley, Antonio;Betts, Michael R.;Freeman, Gordon J.;Vignali, Dario A. A.;Wherry, E. John
通讯作者：
Wherry, E. John
DOI：
10.1186/cc8208
发表时间：
2009
期刊：
Critical care (London, England)
影响因子：
--
作者：
Bermejo-Martin JF;Ortiz de Lejarazu R;Pumarola T;Rello J;Almansa R;Ramírez P;Martin-Loeches I;Varillas D;Gallegos MC;Serón C;Micheloud D;Gomez JM;Tenorio-Abreu A;Ramos MJ;Molina ML;Huidobro S;Sanchez E;Gordón M;Fernández V;Del Castillo A;Marcos MA;Villanueva B;López CJ;Rodríguez-Domínguez M;Galan JC;Cantón R;Lietor A;Rojo S;Eiros JM;Hinojosa C;Gonzalez I;Torner N;Banner D;Leon A;Cuesta P;Rowe T;Kelvin DJ
通讯作者：
Kelvin DJ