Time-Space Tradeoffs and Short Collisions in Merkle-Damgård Hash Functions

Time-Space Tradeoffs and Short Collisions in Merkle-Damgård Hash Functions
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Merkle-Damgård 哈希函数中的时空权衡和短碰撞

DOI:
10.1007/978-3-030-56784-2_6
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发表时间:
2020
期刊:
Annual International Cryptology Conference CRYPTO 2020: Advances in Cryptology – CRYPTO 2020
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Wee, Hoeteck
Wee, Hoeteck
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--
文献类型:
--
作者:
NLN, Akshima;Cash, David;Drucker, Andrew;Wee, Hoeteck

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我们研究了在随机预言机模型中,对手使用任意S位辅助建议输入对随机预言机和T查询进行碰撞发现。最近的研究表明,这样的对手可以找到冲突(相对于随机IV)的优势, ð 2/200 ),其中n是输出长度,超出由因子S限定的生日。这些攻击被证明是最佳的。我们观察到,产生的碰撞时间很长,大约为T个区块,这将限制它们的实际意义。我们证明了几个相关的结果,以改善这些攻击,找到更短的碰撞。首先,我们展示了一个简单的攻击,找到B块长的冲突,实现优势( ð 2019年12月20日 ) .然后我们研究这种攻击是否是最优的。我们表明,现有技术的基础上的比特固定模型(用于 ð 2/200 界)可证明不能达到这个界限,并朝着一般的结果,我们证明有定性的跳跃,在寻找长度1,长度2,和无限长的碰撞的最佳攻击。也就是说,最佳攻击实现(最多对数因子)的数量级为(1/2 公司简介 )/200 , ð /200 和 ð 2/200 优势我们还给出了一个上限的优势,通过一个新的分析树的增长随机功能图,可能是独立的兴趣的限制类的短碰撞发现攻击。
We study collision-finding against Merkle-DamgÃĨrd hashing in the random-oracle model by adversaries with an arbitrary S-bit auxiliary advice input about the random oracle and T queries. Recent work showed that such adversaries can find collisions (with respect to a random IV) with advantage ð š(ð ð 2/2ð ) , where n is the output length, beating the birthday bound by a factor of S. These attacks were shown to be optimal. We observe that the collisions produced are very long, on the order of T blocks, which would limit their practical relevance. We prove several results related to improving these attacks to find shorter collisions. We first exhibit a simple attack for finding B-block-long collisions achieving advantage ð šĖ (ð ð ð ĩ/2ð ) . We then study if this attack is optimal. We show that the prior technique based on the bit-fixing model (used for the ð ð 2/2ð bound) provably cannot reach this bound, and towards a general result we prove there are qualitative jumps in the optimal attacks for finding length 1, length 2, and unbounded-length collisions. Namely, the optimal attacks achieve (up to logarithmic factors) on the order of (ð +ð )/2ð , ð ð /2ð and ð ð 2/2ð advantage. We also give an upper bound on the advantage of a restricted class of short-collision finding attacks via a new analysis on the growth of trees in random functional graphs that may be of independent interest.
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