Gracility of the modern Homo sapiens skeleton is the result of decreased biomechanical loading
Gracility of the modern Homo sapiens skeleton is the result of decreased biomechanical loading
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现代智人骨骼的柔韧是生物力学负荷减少的结果
DOI：
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发表时间：
2014
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
C. Shaw
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
T. Ryan;C. Shaw
意义 与其他灵长类动物和早期人类物种相比，当代人类拥有相对较轻的骨骼。先前的研究表明，骨骼柔软性是由于对文化的依赖增加而缺乏体力活动造成的，是双足运动的生物力学结果，或者反映了现代人类和其他灵长类动物之间的系统生理差异。我们发现，人类采集者髋关节的骨骼强度与体型相似的非人类灵长类动物相当，并且比久坐的农耕者的骨骼强度要强得多。这些结果最终证明了小梁骨结构对于区分史前人类的活动和移动模式的效用，并揭示了低水平的体力活动会导致当代人类的骨强度降低，从而增加骨折风险。与其他类人猿和早期人类相比，现代智人的颅后骨骼相对纤细。这种脆弱性使当代人类容易患骨质疏松症并增加骨折风险。对这种优雅性的解释包括体力活动水平的降低、通过扩大的关节表面分散负荷，以及选择将现代人类与其他灵长类动物区分开来的全身生理特征。这项研究考虑了四个行为多样化的近期人类群体的骨骼遗骸和大量现存灵长类动物样本，以评估人类髋关节骨小梁结构的变化。根据来自 31 个现存灵长类分类群的 229 名个体和来自 4 个不同考古人类群体（代表久坐农耕者和流动觅食者）的 59 名个体的 microCT 数据对近端股骨小梁骨结构进行量化。对质量校正骨小梁变量的分析表明，与两个农业群体相比，采集者群体的骨体积分数显着更高，骨小梁更厚，因此相对骨表面积更低。农民和采集者群体之间的小梁间距、数量或各向异性程度没有显着差异。这些结果揭示了人类行为与股骨近端骨结构之间的对应关系，表明流动性较高的人群具有与相同体重的野生非人类灵长类动物相似的骨小梁结构。这些结果强烈强调了体力活动和锻炼对骨骼健康和减少与年龄相关的骨质流失的重要性。
Significance Compared with other primates and earlier human species, contemporary humans possess relatively lightly built skeletons. Previous studies suggest that skeletal gracility results from a lack of physical activity because of increased reliance on culture, is a biomechanical consequence of bipedal locomotion, or reflects systemic physiological differences between modern humans and other primates. We found that bone strength in the hip joint of human foragers is comparable to similarly sized nonhuman primates, and is significantly more robust than sedentary agriculturalists. These results conclusively demonstrate the utility of trabecular bone structure for differentiating activity and mobility patterns among prehistoric hominins and reveal that low levels of physical activity contribute to reduced bone strength, and consequently increased fracture risk, in contemporary human populations. The postcranial skeleton of modern Homo sapiens is relatively gracile compared with other hominoids and earlier hominins. This gracility predisposes contemporary humans to osteoporosis and increased fracture risk. Explanations for this gracility include reduced levels of physical activity, the dissipation of load through enlarged joint surfaces, and selection for systemic physiological characteristics that differentiate modern humans from other primates. This study considered the skeletal remains of four behaviorally diverse recent human populations and a large sample of extant primates to assess variation in trabecular bone structure in the human hip joint. Proximal femur trabecular bone structure was quantified from microCT data for 229 individuals from 31 extant primate taxa and 59 individuals from four distinct archaeological human populations representing sedentary agriculturalists and mobile foragers. Analyses of mass-corrected trabecular bone variables reveal that the forager populations had significantly higher bone volume fraction, thicker trabeculae, and consequently lower relative bone surface area compared with the two agriculturalist groups. There were no significant differences between the agriculturalist and forager populations for trabecular spacing, number, or degree of anisotropy. These results reveal a correspondence between human behavior and bone structure in the proximal femur, indicating that more highly mobile human populations have trabecular bone structure similar to what would be expected for wild nonhuman primates of the same body mass. These results strongly emphasize the importance of physical activity and exercise for bone health and the attenuation of age-related bone loss.
影响因子：
2.4
作者：
Mittra, E;Rubin, C;Qin, YX
通讯作者：
Qin, YX
影响因子：
6.2
作者：
Ciarelli, TE;Fyhrie, DP;Goldstein, SA
通讯作者：
Goldstein, SA