The Origin of the Mineral Skeleton in Chordates

The Origin of the Mineral Skeleton in Chordates
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脊索动物矿物骨骼的起源

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发表时间:
2000
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影响因子:
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通讯作者:
J. Dzik
J. Dzik
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作者:
J. Dzik

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脊椎动物矿化真皮骨骼的大部分进化(导致其目前的复杂性)可以追溯到跨翅目四足动物谱系。在这些高等脊椎动物的类棘皮动物祖先中,真皮骨骼仅限于鳞片,局部合并成真皮板或修饰成口腔牙齿。这种原始脊椎动物骨骼的基本单位是齿状体,即在外胚层上皮下的外间充质牙乳头尖端形成的小齿(最近由 Smith 和 Hall,1993 年审查;Smith,1995 年)。在大多数鱼类和已灭绝的有甲无颌动物中,矿化真皮组织的外层是釉质体,是由于牙乳头的外胚层和外间充质细胞或组织遗传学相似的复杂组织产生的基质矿化而形成的。在该层之下,牙本质起源衍生物中的纯外间充质发育。然而,在最原始的放线鱼中,会产生牙釉质同系物 ganoine(Sire 等,1987),而不是牙釉质。奥陶纪无颌 Eriptychius 的特征是由无细胞骨(阿斯皮丁)组成并覆盖着牙釉质的齿状动物(Smith 和 Hall,1990;M. P. Smith 等,1995;M. M. Smith 等,1996)。
Most of the evolution of the vertebrate mineralized dermal skeleton, which has resulted in its present complexity, is traceable within the crossopterygian—tetrapod lineage. In acanthodianlike ancestors of these higher vertebrates the dermal skeleton was restricted to scales, locally coalescing into dermal plates or modified into oral teeth. The basic unit of such primitive vertebrate skeleton is the odontode, a denticle forming at the tip of an ectomesenchymal dental papilla under its ectodermal epithelium (recently reviewed by Smith and Hall, 1993; Smith, 1995). In most fishes and extinct armored agnathans the external layer of mineralized dermal tissue is enameloid, developing as a result of mineralization of a matrix produced by both ectodermal and ectomesenchymal cells of the dental papilla, or histogenetically similar complex tissue. Below this layer, purely ectomesenchymal in origin derivatives of dentine develop. However, in the most primitive actinopterygian fishes, ganoine, an enamel homolog (Sire et al., 1987) develops, instead of enameloid. Odontodes composed of acellular bone (aspidin) and capped with enamel characterize the Ordovician agnathan Eriptychius (Smith and Hall,1990; M. P. Smith et al., 1995; M. M. Smith et al.,1996).
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