Neandertal energetics revisited: Insights into population dynamics and life history evolution
Neandertal energetics revisited: Insights into population dynamics and life history evolution
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尼安德特人能量学重温：深入了解人口动态和生活史进化
DOI：
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发表时间：
2009
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
W. Leonard
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Snodgrass;W. Leonard
古人类学家越来越多地利用能量模型来深入了解古人类生态和进化。能量动力学代表了有机体与其环境之间的关键界面；如何从有限的资源中提取能量并将其分配给各种躯体功能对生存和繁殖产生影响。在过去的几年里，几个研究小组重建了尼安德特人的能量预算，以解决诸如觅食效率、人口密度和空间利用、耐寒性以及现代人类取代尼安德特人等问题。在本文中，我们通过当代人类生物学和营养科学的最新发展的视角，系统地重新审视尼安德特人的能量消耗和摄入。我们通过使用已发表的特定性别体重估计值以及当代高纬度人群的生理信息来估计尼安德特人的能量消耗和饮食需求。比较数据表明，四个重要因素导致尼安德特人的高能量需求：1）体重大和肌肉发达； 2）暴露于严重的冷应激； 3）食用高肉类、高蛋白饮食； 4) 高水平的体力活动。与低纬度群体相比，当代北方人群的基础代谢率（BMR）系统性升高，这是对慢性和严重寒冷应激的明显适应。此外，现场和实验室研究表明，高膳食蛋白质与代谢产热的大幅增加有关。此外，当代北方人群的活动模式和尼安德特人的颅后形态表明身体活动水平相对较高。因此，多种证据表明尼安德特人的能量需求和摄入量极高。尼安德特人代谢能量的高周转可能对生命史的关键方面产生重要影响，例如身体生长速度、生殖成熟年龄和寿命。因此，对尼安德特人能量学的详细探索为了解旧石器时代中晚期过渡期间的古人类种群动态提供了见解。
Paleoanthropologists are increasingly utilizing energetic models to provide insights into hominin ecology and evolution. Energy dynamics represent a key interface between an organism and its environment; how energy is extracted from limited resources and allocated to various somatic functions has consequences for survival and reproduction. Within the past few years, several teams of researchers have reconstructed Neandertal energy budgets to address issues such as foraging efficiency, population density and spatial utilization, cold tolerance, and the replacement of Neandertals by modern humans. In the present paper, we systematically reexamine Neandertal energy expenditure and intake through the lens of recent developments in contemporary human biology and nutritional science. We estimate Neandertal energy expenditure and dietary needs by using published sex-specific body mass estimates coupled with physiological information on contemporary high-latitude populations. Comparative data suggest that four important factors contribute to high energy requirements in Neandertals: 1) large body mass and high levels of muscularity; 2) exposure to severe cold stress; 3) consumption of high meat, high protein diets; and, 4) high levels of physical activity. Contemporary northern populations have systematically elevated basal metabolic rates (BMRs) compared to lower latitude groups, an apparent adaptation to chronic and severe cold stress. In addition, field and laboratory studies suggest high dietary protein is associated with substantially increased metabolic heat production. Further, activity patterns among contemporary northern populations and Neandertal post-cranial morphology suggest relatively high physical activity levels. Thus, multiple lines of evidence point to extremely high energy requirements and intakes among Neandertals. The high turnover of metabolic energy in Neandertals likely had important implications for key aspects of life history, such as physical growth rates, age at reproductive maturity, and lifespan. Consequently, a detailed exploration of Neandertal ener-getics provides insights into hominin population dynamics during the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition.
影响因子：
4.2
作者：
Schoeller, DA
通讯作者：
Schoeller, DA
影响因子：
7.1
作者：
Reed, GW;Hill, JO
通讯作者：
Hill, JO
哥伦比亚城市女性的能量支出：通过心率和阶乘方法比较模式和每日总支出。
DOI：
10.1093/ajcn/63.6.870
发表时间：
1996
期刊：
The American journal of clinical nutrition
影响因子：
--
作者：
Spurr,GB;Dufour,DL;Reina,JC
通讯作者：
Reina,JC