Environmental Sustainability of Livestock Production
Environmental Sustainability of Livestock Production
复制标题
畜牧业生产的环境可持续性
作者：
A. Rotz
畜牧业生产对环境的影响已成为一个重要的和有争议的全球性问题，主要是由于报告的对全球变暖的影响。这种担忧适用于所有肉类动物，但特别是肉牛，因为它们会排放肠道甲烷。畜牧业生产对全球变暖有贡献，但其重要性可能被夸大了。它对气候的影响主要是通过甲烷的产生，而甲烷对大气层没有长期影响。全球牲畜数量及其粪便排放量正在增加，因此通过增加排放率产生短期影响。肉类生产的其他影响可能是长期可持续性的更多关注。在肉类的整个生命周期中，主要影响是损失和浪费，这对所有可持续性措施都产生了不利影响。一个重要的环境问题是活性氮的损失，其中来自粪肥的氨排放是最令人关注的。全球估计表明，所有氨排放量的63%来自农业，其中44%来自牲畜粪便。氨的排放具有与生态系统酸化、地表沃茨富营养化以及通过在我们呼吸的空气中形成小颗粒物质而对人类产生毒性有关的不利影响。水消耗是另一个重要问题。全球估计表明，农业使用约70%的淡水抽取量，其中20%用于牲畜饲料生产。虽然畜牧业生产不是一个大的能源消耗，化石燃料是一种有限的资源，保护是重要的。有许多技术和战略可以减轻畜牧业生产对环境的影响，但找到经济的解决方案是具有挑战性的。缓解措施必须从减少消费者浪费开始。减少其他牲畜影响的最佳方法是采用集约化做法，以更少的时间和资源生产牲畜。准确满足动物营养需求的饮食是高效和可持续肉类生产的重要缓解选择。
The environmental impact of livestock production has become an important and controversial global issue, pri- marily due to reported impacts on global warming. This concern applies to all meat animals, but especially beef cattle due to their emission of enteric methane. Livestock production contributes to global warming, but the importance of its contri- bution may be overstated. Its effect on climate is primarily through methane production, which does not have a long-term effect on the atmosphere. Global livestock numbers and emissions from their manure are increasing, so there is a short-term effect through increased rate of emission. Other effects of meat production may be of more concern for long-term sustain- ability. Through a full life cycle of meat, the dominant impact is loss and waste, which adversely effects all measures of sustainability. An important environmental concern is reactive nitrogen losses, among which ammonia emission from manure is of most concern. Global estimates suggest that 63% of all ammonia emissions come from agriculture, with 44% of the total from livestock manure. Ammonia emissions have adverse effects related to acidification of ecosystems, eutrophication of surface waters, and human toxicity through formation of small particulate matter in the air we breathe. Water consumption is another important concern. Global estimates suggest that agriculture uses about 70% of freshwater withdrawals, with 20% used for livestock feed production. Although livestock production is not a large energy consumer, fossil fuels are a limited resource, and conservation is important. Many technologies and strategies exist for mitigating environmental impacts of livestock production, but finding economical solutions is challenging. Mitigation must start with the reduction of consumer waste. Other livestock impacts are best reduced using intensive practices to produce animals in less time and with fewer resources. Diets that accurately meet animal nutrient needs are an important mitigation option for efficient and sustainable meat production.
影响因子：
14.6
作者：
Martijn Gough
通讯作者：
Martijn Gough
影响因子：
4
作者：
Boardman, Evelyn;Danesh-Yazdi, Mohammad;Finlay, Jacques C.
通讯作者：
Finlay, Jacques C.