Property regimes and the commodification of geographic information: An examination of Google Street View
Property regimes and the commodification of geographic information: An examination of Google Street View
复制标题
财产制度和地理信息的商品化：对谷歌街景的考察
作者：
L. F. A. León
互联网上的信息越来越具有地域性。这既是由于地理信息的既定类别的扩展（例如，数字地图和地理空间数据库）以及通过地理标识符同时丰富其它类型的信息（例如，地理标记、登记和全球定位系统坐标）。随着这个地理信息库的扩大，它也是将信息资源转化为市场商品的多个商品化过程的关键站点。了解推动地理信息融入数字经济的动力需要全面的政治经济分析。这一分析的一个关键组成部分是解释的逻辑创造和分配的经济价值，从地理信息在互联网上。为了满足这一需求，在本文中，我部署了Schlager和奥斯特罗姆开发的财产制度模式，并将其扩展到阐明互联网上地理信息的差异化商品化过程。财产制度是界定规则、分配权利和界定特定货物作用的安排。这些安排是由法律的框架、管辖权、信息类型和访问技术等因素促成的。在本文中，我将探讨规范传统地理信息类别（例如地图）的法律的框架如何在技术创新过程中变得不稳定，从而导致新信息商品沿着各自的财产制度的创造，并重新阐明法律的、经济的和社会技术的关系。为了说明这一点，我分析了谷歌街景图像的情况下，通过其在不同司法管辖区的财产制度。
The body of information on the Internet is becoming increasingly geographical. This is both due to the expansion of established categories of geographic information (e.g., digital maps and geospatial databases) and to the simultaneous enrichment of other types of information through geographic identifiers (e.g., geotags, check-ins, and global positioning system coordinates). As this repository of geographic information expands, it is also a key site for multiple processes of commodification transforming informational resources into market goods. Understanding the dynamics driving the integration of geographic information into the digital economy requires a comprehensive political economic analysis. A key component of this analysis is to explain the logics of creation and allocation of economic value from geographic information on the Internet. Addressing this need, in the present article I deploy the property regimes schema developed by Schlager and Ostrom and expand it to elucidate the differentiated commodification processes of geographic information on the Internet. Property regimes are arrangements that define rules, distribute rights, and delineate roles with respect to particular goods. These arrangements are enabled by elements such as legal frameworks, jurisdictions, type of information, and technologies of access. In this article, I explore how the legal frameworks regulating traditional categories of geographic information (such as maps) have been destabilized in the process of technological innovation, leading to the creation of new informational goods along with their respective property regimes, and rearticulating legal, economic, and sociotechnical relations. To illustrate this, I analyze the case of Google Street View images through their property regimes in various jurisdictions.
各国何时断开其数字网络？
DOI：
10.1080/10714421.2011.597254
发表时间：
2011
期刊：
The Communication Review
影响因子：
--
作者：
Howard, Philip N.;Agarwal, Sheetal D.;Hussain, Muzammil M.
通讯作者：
Hussain, Muzammil M.