Urban air pollution: a representative survey of PM(2.5) mass concentrations in six Brazilian cities.
Urban air pollution: a representative survey of PM(2.5) mass concentrations in six Brazilian cities.
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DOI：
10.1007/s11869-010-0124-1
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发表时间：
2012-03
影响因子：
5.1
通讯作者：
Saldiva, Paulo
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
de Miranda, Regina Maura;Andrade, Maria de Fatima;Fornaro, Adalgiza;Astolfo, Rosana;de Andre, Paulo Afonso;Saldiva, Paulo
在巴西的城市地区，车辆排放的废气是细颗粒物(PM2.5)的主要来源。世界卫生组织空气质量指南规定，PM2.5的年平均浓度应低于10μg/m−3。在S大学保罗医学院的协调下，巴西机构在2007年6月至2008年8月期间对巴西六个州首府交通流量较大的地点进行了PM2.5质量监测。我们用重量法测定PM2.5的质量浓度，用反射率测定黑碳的浓度，用X射线荧光测定元素组成，用离子色谱法测定阴阳离子的组成和浓度。S、里约热内卢、贝洛奥里藏特、库里蒂巴、累西腓和阿雷格里港等城市的PM2.5平均浓度和黑碳比例分别为28.1PM2.5± 13.6‰μg−3(38%BC)，17.2PM2.5± 11.2‰μgμ−3(20%BC)，14.7 ± 7.7‰μg−3(BC 31%BC)，14.4 ±9.5g μg−3(BC 30%BC)，7.3 ± 3.1μgμm−3(BC 26%BC)，13.4 ± 9.9μg/m−3(26%BC)。硫和矿物(Al、Si、Ca和Fe)分别来自燃料燃烧和土壤再悬浮，是PM2.5质量的主要元素。我们从超额死亡风险的角度讨论了每个大都市地区的长期健康影响，这转化为更大的卫生保健支出。这些信息可能会对当地环境机构的决策者有用。
In urban areas of Brazil, vehicle emissions are the principal source of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). The World Health Organization air quality guidelines state that the annual mean concentration of PM2.5 should be below 10 μg m−3. In a collaboration of Brazilian institutions, coordinated by the University of São Paulo School of Medicine and conducted from June 2007 to August 2008, PM2.5 mass was monitored at sites with high traffic volumes in six Brazilian state capitals. We employed gravimetry to determine PM2.5 mass concentrations, reflectance to quantify black carbon concentrations, X-ray fluorescence to characterize elemental composition, and ion chromatography to determine the composition and concentrations of anions and cations. Mean PM2.5 concentrations and proportions of black carbon (BC) in the cities of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte, Curitiba, Recife, and Porto Alegre were 28.1 ± 13.6 μg m−3 (38% BC), 17.2 ± 11.2 μg m−3 (20% BC), 14.7 ± 7.7 μg m−3 (31% BC), 14.4 ± 9.5 μg m−3 (30% BC), 7.3 ± 3.1 μg m−3 (26% BC), and 13.4 ± 9.9 μg m−3 (26% BC), respectively. Sulfur and minerals (Al, Si, Ca, and Fe), derived from fuel combustion and soil resuspension, respectively, were the principal elements of the PM2.5 mass. We discuss the long-term health effects for each metropolitan region in terms of excess mortality risk, which translates to greater health care expenditures. This information could prove useful to decision makers at local environmental agencies.
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影响因子：
4.5
作者：
Kundu, Shuvashish;Kawamura, Kimitaka;Andreae, Meinrat O.
通讯作者：
Andreae, Meinrat O.
DOI：
10.1016/0029-554x(81)90643-1
发表时间：
1981-01-01
期刊：
NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS
影响因子：
--
作者：
BOUERES, LCS;ORSINI, CMQ
通讯作者：
ORSINI, CMQ
影响因子：
5.5
作者：
Dallarosa, Juliana;Teixeira, Elba Calesso;Wiegand, Flavio
通讯作者：
Wiegand, Flavio
影响因子：
5
作者：
ORSINI, CQ;TABACNIKS, MH;KERR, AS
通讯作者：
KERR, AS
美国健康效应研究中PM（2.5）化学成分的空间和时间变化。
影响因子：
10.4
作者：
Bell ML;Dominici F;Ebisu K;Zeger SL;Samet JM
通讯作者：
Samet JM