What We Know About Second Language Acquisition

What We Know About Second Language Acquisition
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我们对第二语言习得的了解

DOI:
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发表时间:
2012
期刊:
影响因子:
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通讯作者:
C. Snow
C. Snow
中科院分区:
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文献类型:
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作者:
L. Dixon;J. Zhao;Jee;Shuang Wu;Jung;Renata Burgess;Melike Unal Gezer;C. Snow

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影响第二语言(L2)学习者(一个快速增长的群体)的教育政策通常是在没有咨询相关研究的情况下制定的。这篇综述综合了关于二语习得的最佳条件、促进二语学习者和教师的特征以及二语习得速度的研究,这些研究来自四个工作领域——外语教育、儿童语言研究、社会文化研究和心理语言学——经常被教育工作者忽视。 71 篇研究 PK-12 L2 学习者的同行评审期刊文章符合纳入标准。研究结果包括:1) 沉浸在母语占多数的社会中的母语学习者的最佳条件包括强大的家庭读写能力练习、非正式使用母语的机会、实施良好的专门设计的母语教育计划以及投入母语读写教学的充足时间,而很少接触母语的母语学习者则需要明确的指导来掌握语法; 2) 具有较强的二语能力、积极性和第一语言 (L1) 技能的二语学习者更容易取得成功; 3) 高效的第二语言教师表现出足够的第二语言熟练程度、较强的教学技能以及学生第一语言的熟练程度; 4) L2 学习者需要 3-7 年才能达到 L2 熟练程度,年龄较小的学习者通常需要更长的时间,但更有可能达到接近母语的结果。这些发现,即使是那些与教育最相关的发现,也没有反映在美国当前的政策中。需要对成功或不成功的第二语言学习者和第二语言教师的特征进行更多研究。此类研究应系统地关注最大输入设置与最小输入设置下的第二语言学习之间的差异;虽然第二语言学习的心理语言挑战可能在不同环境中都很常见,但社会文化和互动的挑战和机遇却有所不同,这些挑战和机遇可能会极大地影响结果。
Educational policies that impact second language (L2) learners—a rapidly-growing group—are often enacted without consulting relevant research. This review synthesized research regarding optimal conditions for L2 acquisition, facilitative L2 learner and teacher characteristics, and speed of L2 acquisition, from four bodies of work—foreign language education, child language research, sociocultural studies, and psycholinguistics—often overlooked by educators. Seventy-one peer-reviewed journal articles studying PK-12 L2 learners met inclusion criteria. Findings included: 1) Optimal conditions for L2 learners immersed in a majority-L2 society include strong home literacy practices, opportunities to use the L2 informally, well-implemented specially-designed L2 educational programs, and sufficient time devoted to L2 literacy instruction, whereas L2 learners with little L2 exposure require explicit instruction to master grammar; 2) L2 learners with strong L2 aptitude, motivation, and first language (L1) skills are more successful; 3) Effective L2 teachers demonstrate sufficient L2 proficiency, strong instructional skills, and proficiency in their students’ L1; 4) L2 learners require 3-7 years to reach L2 proficiency, with younger learners typically taking longer but more likely to achieve close-to-native results. These findings, even those most relevant to education, are not reflected in current US policy. Additional research is needed on the characteristics of successful or unsuccessful L2 learners and L2 teachers. Such research should attend systematically to the differences between L2 learning in maximal versus minimal input settings; whereas the psycholinguistic challenges of L2 learning might be common across settings, the sociocultural and interactional challenges and opportunities differ in ways that can massively impact outcomes.
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DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2006.12.007
发表时间: 2007
影响因子: 3
作者:
Páez,MarielaM;Tabors,PattonO;López,LisaM
通讯作者: López,LisaM
DOI: 10.1017/s1366728908003386
发表时间: 2008-07-01
影响因子: 3.6
作者:
Kovelman, Ioulia;Baker, Stephanie A.;Petitto, Laura-Ann
通讯作者: Petitto, Laura-Ann
会话期间的词汇使用:西班牙语和法语学习者从 9 年级到 13 年级发展的横断面研究
DOI: 10.1080/09571730802390031
发表时间: 2008
影响因子: 2
作者:
Marsden E
通讯作者: Marsden E