The evolution of health warning labels on cigarette packs: the role of precedents, and tobacco industry strategies to block diffusion.
The evolution of health warning labels on cigarette packs: the role of precedents, and tobacco industry strategies to block diffusion.
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DOI：
10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050541
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发表时间：
2014-01
期刊：
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
Glantz SA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hiilamo H;Crosbie E;Glantz SA
分析世界各地香烟包装上健康警语的演变和传播情况，包括烟草业阻止这种传播的企图。我们分析了烟草行业文件和公共资源，构建了一个关于1966年至2012年全球健康警示标识演变和传播的数据库，并分析了行业策略。健康警示标签，特别是带有图形元素的标签，威胁着烟草行业，因为它们是一种低成本、有效的减少吸烟的措施。跨国烟草公司并不反对带有模糊健康信息的自愿无害警语，部分原因是他们认为这些警语可以保护他们免受诉讼和当地包装法规的侵害。20世纪70年代，一旦更强烈、更具体的警告开始出现，这些公司就在国际层面系统地阻止或削弱警告。自1985年以来，冰岛的烟草业已经意识到图形健康警告标签（GWHL）的有效性。该行业在20世纪90年代初发起了全面的攻击，以防止全球变暖，并成功地将全球变暖推迟了近10年。从2005年开始，由于《世界卫生组织烟草控制框架公约》（FCTC）的生效，ghwl开始传播。烟草控制框架公约标签规定的有效实施刺激了强有力的健康警告标签的传播，尽管业界反对。
To analyse the evolution and diffusion of health warnings on cigarette packs around the world, including tobacco industry attempts to block this diffusion. We analysed tobacco industry documents and public sources to construct a database on the global evolution and diffusion of health warning labels from 1966 to 2012, and also analysed industry strategies. Health warning labels, especially labels with graphic elements, threaten the tobacco industry because they are a low-cost, effective measure to reduce smoking. Multinational tobacco companies did not object to voluntary innocuous warnings with ambiguous health messages, in part because they saw them as offering protection from lawsuits and local packaging regulations. The companies worked systematically at the international level to block or weaken warnings once stronger more specific warnings began to appear in the 1970s. Since 1985 in Iceland, the tobacco industry has been aware of the effectiveness of graphic health warning labels (GWHL). The industry launched an all-out attack in the early 1990s to prevent GHWLs, and was successful in delaying GHWLs internationally for nearly 10 years. Beginning in 2005, as a result of the World Health Organisation Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), GHWLs began to spread. Effective implementation of FCTC labelling provisions has stimulated diffusion of strong health warning labels despite industry opposition.
影响因子：
5.2
作者：
Assunta, M;Chapman, S
通讯作者：
Chapman, S
影响因子：
5.2
作者：
Aftab, M;Kolben, D;Lurie, P
通讯作者：
Lurie, P