The Failure to Measure Dietary Intake Engendered a Fictional Discourse on Diet-Disease Relations.
The Failure to Measure Dietary Intake Engendered a Fictional Discourse on Diet-Disease Relations.
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DOI：
10.3389/fnut.2018.00105
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发表时间：
2018
影响因子：
5
通讯作者：
Hill JO
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Archer E;Lavie CJ;Hill JO
关于饮食中糖、盐、脂肪和胆固醇可能对健康造成的影响的争论，并不是由来自有效证据的科学推断中的合理差异所推动的，而是由数十年来存在严重缺陷和明显具有误导性的流行病学研究推动的关于饮食与疾病关系的虚构论述。在过去的60年里，流行病学家发表了数以万计的报告，声称饮食摄入量是慢性非传染性疾病的一个主要因素，尽管流行病学方法不衡量饮食摄入量。流行病学家没有测量实际的饮食摄入量，而是收集了数百万份未经核实的关于饮食摄入量感知的记忆的口头和文字报告。鉴于实际的饮食摄入量和报告的摄入量记忆不属于同一本体论范畴，流行病学家犯下了“错位具体”的逻辑谬误。当轶事(自我报告)数据被不允许地转换(即伪量化)为营养和卡路里消耗量的代理估计时，这一错误加剧了这一错误，方法是从有效性和全面性有问题的数据库中分配“参考”值。当使用伪量化的轶事数据进行饮食与疾病关系的统计分析时，这些错误进一步加剧。这些致命的测量、分析和推断缺陷被掩盖了，因为流行病学家未能引用数十年的研究表明，他们创建的代理估计在生理上往往是不可信的(即，没有意义)，并且与参与者的实际营养或卡路里消耗没有可验证的定量关系。在这一批判性分析中，我们提出了大量证据来支持我们的论点，即目前关于饮食与疾病关系的争议和公众困惑是由数万份存在严重缺陷、明显误导和伪科学的流行病学报告引起的。我们挑战营养学领域，以恢复失去的可信度，承认他们基于记忆的方法的经验和理论驳斥，并确保使用严格的(客观的)科学方法来研究饮食在慢性病中的作用。
Controversies regarding the putative health effects of dietary sugar, salt, fat, and cholesterol are not driven by legitimate differences in scientific inference from valid evidence, but by a fictional discourse on diet-disease relations driven by decades of deeply flawed and demonstrably misleading epidemiologic research. Over the past 60 years, epidemiologists published tens of thousands of reports asserting that dietary intake was a major contributing factor to chronic non-communicable diseases despite the fact that epidemiologic methods do not measure dietary intake. In lieu of measuring actual dietary intake, epidemiologists collected millions of unverified verbal and textual reports of memories of perceptions of dietary intake. Given that actual dietary intake and reported memories of perceptions of intake are not in the same ontological category, epidemiologists committed the logical fallacy of “Misplaced Concreteness.” This error was exacerbated when the anecdotal (self-reported) data were impermissibly transformed (i.e., pseudo-quantified) into proxy-estimates of nutrient and caloric consumption via the assignment of “reference” values from databases of questionable validity and comprehensiveness. These errors were further compounded when statistical analyses of diet-disease relations were performed using the pseudo-quantified anecdotal data. These fatal measurement, analytic, and inferential flaws were obscured when epidemiologists failed to cite decades of research demonstrating that the proxy-estimates they created were often physiologically implausible (i.e., meaningless) and had no verifiable quantitative relation to the actual nutrient or caloric consumption of participants. In this critical analysis, we present substantial evidence to support our contention that current controversies and public confusion regarding diet-disease relations were generated by tens of thousands of deeply flawed, demonstrably misleading, and pseudoscientific epidemiologic reports. We challenge the field of nutrition to regain lost credibility by acknowledging the empirical and theoretical refutations of their memory-based methods and ensure that rigorous (objective) scientific methods are used to study the role of diet in chronic disease.
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