ISG15 and immune diseases.

ISG15 and immune diseases.
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DOI:
10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.02.006
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发表时间:
2010-05
期刊:
Biochimica et biophysica acta
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Chung CH
Chung CH
中科院分区:
其他
文献类型:
--
作者:
Jeon YJ;Yoo HM;Chung CH

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ISG 15是干扰素(IFN)刺激基因15的产物,是第一个被鉴定的泛素样蛋白,由两个泛素样结构域组成。ISG 15在某些哺乳动物中作为前体合成,因此需要在与靶蛋白缀合之前进行处理以暴露C-末端甘氨酸残基。一组三步级联酶,E1酶(UBE 1 L)、E2酶(UbcH 8)和几种E3连接酶之一(例如,EFP和HERC 5)催化特定蛋白质的ISG 15缀合(ISG化)。这些酶在泛素和其他泛素样蛋白的级联酶中是独特的,因为它们都是由I型IFN或其他刺激(例如暴露于病毒和脂多糖)诱导的。质谱分析已经鉴定出数百种可以通过ISG 15缀合的候选蛋白质。它们中的一些是I型IFN诱导的蛋白,如PKR和RIG-I,并且一些是参与IFN信号传导的关键调节因子,如JAK 1和STAT 1,暗示ISG 15及其缀合物在I型IFN介导的先天免疫应答中的作用。然而,由于缺乏关于ISG 15与靶蛋白缀合的结果的信息,对ISG 15诱导的功能意义知之甚少。在这里,我们描述了在探索ISG 15的生物学功能和其对靶蛋白的可逆修饰以及它们在免疫疾病中的意义方面所取得的最新进展。
ISG15, the product of interferon (IFN)-stimulated gene 15, is the first identified ubiquitin-like protein, consisting of two ubiquitin-like domains. ISG15 is synthesized as a precursor in certain mammals and, therefore, needs to be processed to expose the C-terminal glycine residue before conjugation to target proteins. A set of three-step cascade enzymes, an E1 enzyme (UBE1L), an E2 enzyme (UbcH8), and one of several E3 ligases (e.g., EFP and HERC5), catalyzes ISG15 conjugation (ISGylation) of a specific protein. These enzymes are unique among the cascade enzymes for ubiquitin and other ubiquitin-like proteins in that all of them are induced by type I IFNs or other stimuli, such as exposure to viruses and lipopolysaccharide. Mass spectrometric analysis has led to the identification of several hundreds of candidate proteins that can be conjugated by ISG15. Some of them are type I IFN-induced proteins, such as PKR and RIG-I, and some are the key regulators that are involved in IFN signaling, such as JAK1 and STAT1, implicating the role of ISG15 and its conjugates in type I IFN-mediated innate immune responses. However, relatively little is known about the functional significance of ISG15 induction due to the lack of information on the consequences of its conjugation to target proteins. Here, we describe the recent progress made in exploring the biological function of ISG15 and its reversible modification of target proteins and thus in their implication in immune diseases.
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