Oseltamivir carboxylate, the active metabolite of oseltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu), detected in sewage discharge and river water in Japan.
Oseltamivir carboxylate, the active metabolite of oseltamivir phosphate (Tamiflu), detected in sewage discharge and river water in Japan.
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DOI：
10.1289/ehp.0900930
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发表时间：
2010-01
影响因子：
10.4
通讯作者：
Tanaka H
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ghosh GC;Nakada N;Yamashita N;Tanaka H
磷酸奥司他韦（OP;达菲）是抗流感神经氨酸酶抑制剂奥司他韦羧酸盐（OC）的前药，并已被开发用于治疗和预防甲型和B型流感毒株。最近，甲型流感病毒（H1N1;通常称为“猪流感”）中OP耐药性的增加引起了人们对达菲在季节性流行病中的广泛使用以及在大流行病发生时与其使用相关的潜在生态毒理学风险的质疑。本研究的目的是开发一种分析方法，用于定量测定OC在污水处理厂（STP）的流出物和接收河水，并调查OC的发生在日本的季节性流感爆发的STP流出物和河水。我们开发了一种分析方法的基础上固相萃取，然后液相色谱-串联质谱。使用这种方法，我们分析了2008-2009年流感季节在日本京都市进行的三次采样活动的样本。在STP排放检测到的最高浓度的OC是293.3纳克/升，从传统的活性污泥为基础的STP，但是，我们只检测到37.9纳克/升，从先进的STP与臭氧作为三级处理。在流感高峰期，我们在接收的河水样品中检测到6.6-190.2 ng/L的OC。OC仅在流感季节存在于STP流出物和河水中。在流感流行或大流行期间，臭氧作为STP的三级处理将大大减少STP流出物中的OC负荷。
Oseltamivir phosphate (OP; Tamiflu) is a prodrug of the anti-influenza neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir carboxylate (OC) and has been developed for the treatment and prevention of both A and B strains of influenza. The recent increase in OP resistance in influenza A virus (H1N1; commonlly called “swine flu”) has raised questions about the widespread use of Tamiflu in seasonal epidemics and the potential ecotoxicologic risk associated with its use in the event of a pandemic. The objectives of this study were to develop an analytical method for quantitative determination of OC in sewage treatment plant (STP) effluent and receiving river water, and to investigate the occurrence of OC in STP effluent and river water in Japan during a seasonal flu outbreak. We developed an analytical method based on solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Using this method, we analyzed samples from three sampling campaigns conducted during the 2008–2009 flu season in Kyoto City, Japan. The highest concentration of OC detected in STP discharge was 293.3 ng/L from a conventional activated-sludge–based STP; however, we detected only 37.9 ng/L from an advanced STP with ozonation as a tertiary treatment. In the receiving river water samples, we detected 6.6–190.2 ng/L OC, during the peak of the flu season. OC is present in STP effluent and river water only during the flu season. Ozonation as tertiary treatment in STP will substantially reduce the OC load in STP effluent during an influenza epidemic or pandemic.
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