Urban park characteristics, genetic variation, and historical demography of white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) populations in New York City.
Urban park characteristics, genetic variation, and historical demography of white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) populations in New York City.
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作者：
Munshi-South J;Nagy C
严重的碎片化是城市原生栖息地的典型命运，有限的扩散能力的城市野生动物被预测将失去在孤立的城市斑块的遗传变异。然而，很少有信息存在的特点，城市绿色空间需要保护遗传变异。在这项研究中，我们研究是否隔离在纽约市（NYC）公园的白足鼠（Peromyscus leucopus）的遗传瓶颈的结果，并测试的假设，公园的大小和时间，因为隔离与遗传变异性使用非线性回归和信息理论模型选择。白足鼠以前曾被证明表现出雄性偏向的扩散，这可能会在城市公园的雄性和雌性之间造成遗传变异的差异。我们使用18个中性微卫星数据的基因型和四种不同的统计检验来评估这一预测。考虑到性别偏见的传播可能会造成人口遗传模式之间的差异，从双与单亲遗传标记推断，我们还测序了一个324 bp的线粒体D环片段的独立推断的历史人口在城市P. leucopus。我们报告说，隔离在城市公园并不一定会导致遗传瓶颈，只有三个在纽约市公园的14个人口表现出最近的瓶颈在18个中性微卫星位点的签名。在较大的城市公园或隔离时间较短的公园中的小鼠种群通常也不包含比较小公园中的种群更大的遗传变异。这些结果表明，即使是小网络的绿色空间可能足以维持本地物种的某些特征的进化潜力。我们还发现，隔离在城市公园的结果在弱到不存在的性别偏见的传播在一个已知的物种表现出男性偏见的分散在不那么支离破碎的环境。与核基因座相反，线粒体D环单倍型在最近的瓶颈或选择性扫描后表现出人口扩张的突变模式。对这一扩张时间的估计表明，它与纽约市在过去几十到几百年的城市化同时发生。考虑到mtDNA在许多系统中的普遍非中性性，以及城市白腹滨藜中相关编码序列的选择证据，我们认为，白腹滨藜线粒体基因组最近经历了针对孤立城市公园中不受欢迎的单倍型的负选择。一般来说，由城市化、全球气候变化和其他人为因素驱动的快速适应性进化被进化生物学家低估，但在不久的将来可能会有更多的案例被记录下来。
Severe fragmentation is a typical fate of native remnant habitats in cities, and urban wildlife with limited dispersal ability are predicted to lose genetic variation in isolated urban patches. However, little information exists on the characteristics of urban green spaces required to conserve genetic variation. In this study, we examine whether isolation in New York City (NYC) parks results in genetic bottlenecks in white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus), and test the hypotheses that park size and time since isolation are associated with genetic variability using nonlinear regression and information-theoretic model selection. White-footed mice have previously been documented to exhibit male-biased dispersal, which may create disparities in genetic variation between males and females in urban parks. We use genotypes of 18 neutral microsatellite data and four different statistical tests to assess this prediction. Given that sex-biased dispersal may create disparities between population genetic patterns inferred from bi- vs. uni-parentally inherited markers, we also sequenced a 324 bp segment of the mitochondrial D-loop for independent inferences of historical demography in urban P. leucopus. We report that isolation in urban parks does not necessarily result in genetic bottlenecks; only three out of 14 populations in NYC parks exhibited a signature of a recent bottleneck at 18 neutral microsatellite loci. Mouse populations in larger urban parks, or parks that have been isolated for shorter periods of time, also do not generally contain greater genetic variation than populations in smaller parks. These results suggest that even small networks of green spaces may be sufficient to maintain the evolutionary potential of native species with certain characteristics. We also found that isolation in urban parks results in weak to nonexistent sex-biased dispersal in a species known to exhibit male-biased dispersal in less fragmented environments. In contrast to nuclear loci, mitochondrial D-loop haplotypes exhibited a mutational pattern of demographic expansion after a recent bottleneck or selective sweep. Estimates of the timing of this expansion suggest that it occurred concurrent with urbanization of NYC over the last few dozens to hundreds of years. Given the general non-neutrality of mtDNA in many systems and evidence of selection on related coding sequences in urban P. leucopus, we argue that the P. leucopus mitochondrial genome experienced recent negative selection against haplotypes not favored in isolated urban parks. In general, rapid adaptive evolution driven by urbanization, global climate change, and other human-caused factors is underappreciated by evolutionary biologists, but many more cases will likely be documented in the near future.
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