Multimessenger Characterization of Markarian 501 during Historically Low X-Ray and γ-Ray Activity

Multimessenger Characterization of Markarian 501 during Historically Low X-Ray and γ-Ray Activity
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Markarian 501 在 X 射线和 γ 射线活动处于历史低水平期间的多信使表征

DOI：
10.3847/1538-4365/acc181
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发表时间：
2022
期刊：
The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
D. Zarić
D. Zarić
中科院分区：
--
文献类型：
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作者：
L. Heckmann;D. Paneque;S. Gasparyan;M. Cerruti;N. Sahakyan;A. Arbet Engels;V. Acciari;S. Ansoldi;L. A. Antonelli;M. Artero;K. Asano;D. Baack;A. Babić;A. Baquero;U. Barres de Almeida;J. A. Barrio;I. Batković;J. Becerra González;W. Bednarek;L. Bellizzi;E. Bernardini;M. Bernardos;A. Berti;J. Besenrieder;W. Bhattacharyya;C. Bigongiari;A. Biland;O. Blanch;H. Bökenkamp;G. Bonnoli;Ž. Bošnjak;G. Busetto;R. Carosi;G. Ceribella;Yating Chai;A. Chilingarian;S. Cikota;S. M. Colak;E. Colombo;J. Contreras;J. Cortina;S. Covino;Giacomo D’Amico;V. D’Elia;P. Da Vela;F. Dazzi;A. De Angelis;B. De Lotto;M. Delfino;J. Delgado;C. Delgado Mendez;D. Depaoli;F. Di Pierro;L. Di Venere;E. Do Souto Espiñeira;D. Dominis Prester;A. Donini;D. Dorner;M. Doro;D. Elsaesser;V. Fallah Ramazani;A. Fattorini;M. V. Fonseca;L. Font;C. Fruck;S. Fukami;Y. Fukazawa;R. Garcia Lopez;M. Garczarczyk;M. Gaug;N. Giglietto;F. Giordano;P. Gliwny;N. Godinovic;D. Green;J. Green;D. Hadasch;A. Hahn;J. Herrera;J. Hoang;D. Hrupec;M. Hütten;T. Inada;K. Ishio;Y. Iwamura;I. Jiménez Martínez;J. Jormanainen;L. Jouvin;M. Karjalainen;D. Kerszberg;Yukiho Kobayashi;H. Kubo;J. Kushida;A. Lamastra;D. Lelas;F. Leone;E. Lindfors;L. Linhoff;S. Lombardi;F. Longo;R. López;M. López;A. López;S. Loporchio;B. Machado de Oliveira Fraga;C. Maggio;P. Majumdar;M. Makariev;M. Mallamaci;G. Maneva;M. Manganaro;K. Mannheim;L. Maraschi;M. Mariotti;Manel Martinez;D. Mazin;S. Menchiari;S. Mender;S. Mićanović;D. Miceli;T. Miener;J. M. Miranda;R. Mirzoyan;E. Molina;A. Moralejo;D. Morcuende;V. Moreno;E. Moretti;T. Nakamori;L. Nava;V. Neustroev;C. Nigro;K. Nilsson;K. Nishijima;K. Noda;S. Nozaki;Y. Ohtani;T. Oka;J. Otero;S. Paiano;M. Palatiello;R. Paoletti;J. Paredes;L. Pavletić;P. Peñil;M. Persic;M. Pihet;P. P. Prada Moroni;E. Prandini;C. Priyadarshi;I. Puljak;W. Rhode;M. Ribó;J. Rico;C. Righi;A. Rugliancich;T. Saito;S. Sakurai;K. Satalecka;F. G. Saturni;B. Schleicher;K. Schmidt;T. Schweizer;J. Sitarek;I. Šnidarić;D. Sobczynska;A. Spolon;A. Stamerra;J. Strišković;D. Strom;M. Strzys;Y. Suda;T. Surić;Mitsunari Takahashi;R. Takeishi;F. Tavecchio;P. Temnikov;T. Terzić;M. Teshima;L. Tosti;S. Truzzi;A. Tutone;S. Ubach;J. van Scherpenberg;G. Vanzo;M. Vazquez Acosta;S. Ventura;V. Verguilov;C. Vigorito;V. Vitale;I. Vovk;M. Will;C. Wunderlich;Tokonatsu Yamamoto;D. Zarić

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我们使用2017年至2020年的多波长观测研究了Mrk 501的宽带发射，这些观测使用了多种仪器，其中包括MAGIC，费米大面积望远镜（LAT），努斯塔，Swift，GASP-WEBT和欧文斯谷射电天文台。Mrk 501显示出极低的宽带活动，这可能有助于解开其基线排放。尽管如此，在所有波段都检测到了显著的通量变化，其中最高的发生在X射线和甚高能（VHE）γ射线。X射线和VHE γ射线之间的显着相关性（>3σ）被测量，支持轻子场景来解释发射的可变部分，也在低活动期间。当我们将我们的数据从2008年扩展到2020年时，这一点得到了进一步的支持，并首次确定了斯威夫特X射线望远镜和费米LAT之间的重要相关性。我们还发现了高能γ射线和射电之间的相关性，射电滞后超过100天，将γ射线发射区置于喷流中射电亮区的上游。此外，从2017年年中到2019年年中，Mrk 501在X射线和VHE γ射线方面表现出历史性的低活性，VHE通量稳定（>0.2 TeV），为蟹状星云发射量的5%。宽带光谱能量分布（SED）的这2年长的低状态，潜在的基线发射的Mrk 501，可以与一个区域轻子模型，（轻子）强子模型满足中微子通量约束的冰立方。我们探讨的SED向低状态的时间演化，揭示了稳定的基线排放可能归因于一个站立的冲击，和可变的排放到一个额外的扩展或旅行冲击。
We study the broadband emission of Mrk 501 using multiwavelength observations from 2017 to 2020 performed with a multitude of instruments, involving, among others, MAGIC, Fermi's Large Area Telescope (LAT), NuSTAR, Swift, GASP-WEBT, and the Owens Valley Radio Observatory. Mrk 501 showed an extremely low broadband activity, which may help to unravel its baseline emission. Nonetheless, significant flux variations are detected at all wave bands, with the highest occurring at X-rays and very-high-energy (VHE) γ-rays. A significant correlation (>3σ) between X-rays and VHE γ-rays is measured, supporting leptonic scenarios to explain the variable parts of the emission, also during low activity. This is further supported when we extend our data from 2008 to 2020, and identify, for the first time, significant correlations between the Swift X-Ray Telescope and Fermi-LAT. We additionally find correlations between high-energy γ-rays and radio, with the radio lagging by more than 100 days, placing the γ-ray emission zone upstream of the radio-bright regions in the jet. Furthermore, Mrk 501 showed a historically low activity in X-rays and VHE γ-rays from mid-2017 to mid-2019 with a stable VHE flux (>0.2 TeV) of 5% the emission of the Crab Nebula. The broadband spectral energy distribution (SED) of this 2 yr long low state, the potential baseline emission of Mrk 501, can be characterized with one-zone leptonic models, and with (lepto)-hadronic models fulfilling neutrino flux constraints from IceCube. We explore the time evolution of the SED toward the low state, revealing that the stable baseline emission may be ascribed to a standing shock, and the variable emission to an additional expanding or traveling shock.
A Multimessenger Picture of the Flaring Blazar TXS 0506+056: Implications for High-energy Neutrino Emission and Cosmic-Ray Acceleration
DOI： 10.3847/1538-4357/aad59a
发表时间： 2018-07
期刊： The Astrophysical Journal
影响因子： --
作者：
A. Keivani;K. Murase;M. Petropoulou;D. Fox;S. Cenko;S. Cenko;S. Chaty;A. Coleiro;A. Coleiro;J. DeLaunay;S. Dimitrakoudis;P. Evans;J. Kennea;Francis E. Marshall;A. Mastichiadis;J. Osborne;M. Santander;A. Tohuvavohu;C. Turley
通讯作者： A. Keivani;K. Murase;M. Petropoulou;D. Fox;S. Cenko;S. Cenko;S. Chaty;A. Coleiro;A. Coleiro;J. DeLaunay;S. Dimitrakoudis;P. Evans;J. Kennea;Francis E. Marshall;A. Mastichiadis;J. Osborne;M. Santander;A. Tohuvavohu;C. Turley