Sugar-free extrapair mating: a comment on Arct et al.
Sugar-free extrapair mating: a comment on Arct et al.
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无糖额外交配：对 Arct 等人的评论
DOI：
10.1093/beheco/arv041
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发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
Burke T
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Nakagawa S;Schroeder J;Burke T
Arct et al.（2015）揭示了额外配对父权（EPP）的发生与社会配对男性和女性之间的遗传相似性之间存在微小但显着的总体正相关关系（Zr = 0.09）。这一发现可能表明，外配对交配是女性的策略，以避免近亲繁殖的负面影响，因此，女性外配对交配是适应性的。是吗？在阅读这个结果时，我们想到了三个问题。首先，这一发现在物种间的普遍性如何？在某些物种中，避免近亲繁殖的益处似乎是明确的（例如，Kingma et al. 2013），而在其他物种中，近亲繁殖可以被容忍甚至是首选（在Szulkin et al. 2013中进行了综述）。事实上，Arct等人报告了非常高的总体异质性（I2 = 98%），这表明尽管在"平均"物种中，EPP在相关对中比无关对中更常见，但物种之间的近亲繁殖耐受性存在差异。因此，人们需要小心地将观察到的遗传相关性对EPP的总体影响外推到特定物种。第二，女性如何发现她与社会伴侣的关系？鉴于鸟类中熟悉的兄弟姐妹很少形成社会关系（但参见Kingma et al. 2013），Arct et al.的发现意味着，除非结果是由于亲缘关系驱动的神秘雌性选择（例如，Løvlie et al. 2013），否则雌性鸟类可能能够识别不熟悉的雄性兄弟姐妹。尽管有证据表明鸟类可以识别不熟悉的亲属（Petrie et al. 1999），最近发现一些鸟类物种可以使用嗅觉线索来识别（例如，Krause et al. 2012），但目前的经验证据表明，大多数鸟类物种需要直接熟悉才能识别其亲属（Nakagawa和Waas 2004; Ihle和Forstmeier 2013）。至少在每个季节有多个窝的物种中，雌性可能会使用亲属关系以外的线索来检测早期窝中的近交衰退（例如，未孵化的蛋）。然后，雌性可以通过决定寻求额外配对来减少近亲繁殖的成本，或者追求离婚，尽管这可能会产生其他成本。如果雌性可以使用过去的育雏来评估潜在的近亲繁殖抑郁症，那么EPP将在以后的育雏中更常见。此外，在这种情况下，我们可以预测，物种与一个单一的育雏每个季节可能不会显示EPP的影响，合作伙伴之间的遗传相似性。雌性可以用过去的窝来评估近亲繁殖的抑郁症的假设还有待于在物种间进行检验。第三，也许是最重要的，女性是否从EPP中获得间接的遗传益处？为了让Arct等人描绘的场景对雌性具有适应性，雌性需要与一个在基因上比她的社会伴侣更遥远的额外雄性交配。假设一个雌性确实与她的社会伴侣有很高的遗传相关性，那么即使这个雌性与一个随机的额外配对的雄性交配，人们也会期望这个雄性，平均来说，与戴绿帽子的雄性相比，与她的关系更少。然而，另一项最近的荟萃分析显示，情况并非如此;平均而言，额外配对男性和各自的戴绿帽男性与焦点女性的相关性相似（Zr =-0.03; Hsu et al. 2015）。Hsu等人的这一元分析结果直观地与Arct等人的结果相矛盾，特别是考虑到这两项研究基本上回顾了相同的文献。元分析结果的这种违反直觉的组合可以通过以下假设来解释：1）女性的配对外交配主要发生在相邻的男性之间，2）相邻的男性与寻求配对外交配的女性的关系密切，就像女性的社会伴侣一样。事实上，大多数的外配对似乎是与邻居...
A recent meta-analysis by Arct et al.(2015) revealed a small but significant overall positive relationship between the occurrence of extrapair paternity (EPP) and the genetic similarity between a socially paired male and female (Zr= 0.09). This finding possibly indicates that extrapair mating is a female strategy to avoid the negative consequences of inbreeding and, therefore, female extrapair mating is adaptive. Or is it? On reading this result, 3 questions came to our mind. First, how general is this finding across species? In some species, the benefits of inbreeding avoidance seem to be clear (eg, Kingma et al. 2013), whereas in others, inbreeding can be tolerated or even preferred (reviewed in Szulkin et al. 2013). Indeed, Arct et al. reported a very high overall heterogeneity (I2= 98%), which indicates that although, in an “average” species, EPP is more common in related than unrelated pairs, there are differences in inbreeding tolerance among species. One, therefore, needs to be careful about extrapolating the observed overall effect of genetic relatedness on EPP to a specific species. Second, how does a female detect her relatedness to the social partner? Given that familiar siblings rarely form social bonds in birds (but see Kingma et al. 2013), Arct et al.’s finding implies, unless the results are due to cryptic female choice driven by relatedness (eg, Løvlie et al. 2013), that female birds might be able to identify unfamiliar male siblings. Despite evidence that birds can identify unfamiliar kin (Petrie et al. 1999) and the recent discovery that some bird species could do this using olfactory cues (eg, Krause et al. 2012), current empirical evidence points to most bird species requiring direct familiarization to recognize their kin (Nakagawa and Waas 2004; Ihle and Forstmeier 2013). At least in species with multiple broods per season, females might use cues other than kinship to detect inbreeding depression (eg, unhatched eggs) in an earlier brood. Then, females can ameliorate the cost of inbreeding by deciding to seek extrapair matings, or else pursue divorce, though this might incur other costs. If females can use past broods to assess potential inbreeding depression, then EPP will be more common in later broods. Also, in this case, we can predict that species with a single brood per season would probably not show an effect on EPP of genetic similarity between partners. The hypothesis that females can use past broods to assess inbreeding depression is yet to be tested across species. Third, perhaps most importantly, do females gain indirect genetic benefits from EPP? For the scenario portrayed by Arct et al. to be adaptive for females, a female would need to mate with an extrapair male that is genetically more distant than her social partner. Hypothetically, where a female indeed has high genetic relatedness to her social mate, then even if that female mated with a random extrapair male, one would expect that male, on average, to be less related to her than the cuckolded male. However, another recent meta-analysis shows otherwise; the extrapair male (s) and the respective cuckolded male were, on average, of similar relatedness to the focal female (Zr=− 0.03; Hsu et al. 2015). This meta-analytic result by Hsu et al. intuitively contradicts the result of Arct et al., especially given that the 2 studies reviewed essentially the same literature. This counterintuitive combination of meta-analytic results might be explained by assuming 1) female extrapair matings occur mostly among neighboring males and 2) neighboring males are as closely related to the females seeking extrapair mating as the female’s social mates. Indeed, most extrapair mating seems to be with neighboring …
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