Molecular development of fibular reduction in birds and its evolution from dinosaurs.
Molecular development of fibular reduction in birds and its evolution from dinosaurs.
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DOI：
10.1111/evo.12882
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发表时间：
2016-03
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Vargas AO
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Botelho JF;Smith-Paredes D;Soto-Acuña S;O'Connor J;Palma V;Vargas AO
鸟类有一个远端复位的，碎片状的腓骨，比胫骨短。在胚胎发育中，两种骨骼元素开始具有相似的长度。我们研究了鸡胚胎软骨分化的分子标记。我们发现腓骨远端表达印度刺猬（IHH），经历终末软骨分化，几乎没有甲状旁腺相关蛋白（PTHrP），这是发育增殖生长板（骨骺）所必需的。腓骨远端的复位可能会受到其与附近腓骨的密切接触的影响，而附近腓骨强烈表达PTHrP。然而，骨骺样腓骨与腓骨分离，腓骨未能保持远端生长板，腓骨复位。IHH信号在后形态发生阶段的实验下调导致胫骨和腓骨的长度相等：腓骨比对照组长，并与腓骨融合，而胫骨较短且弯曲。我们认为腓骨远端骨骺的存在可能会限制胫骨的生长。因此，许多中生代鸟类显示腓骨已经失去了远端骨骺，但仍然几乎与胫骨一样长，这表明腓骨的损失先于并允许随后的巨大腓骨胫骨不一致的进化。
Birds have a distally reduced, splinter‐like fibula that is shorter than the tibia. In embryonic development, both skeletal elements start out with similar lengths. We examined molecular markers of cartilage differentiation in chicken embryos. We found that the distal end of the fibula expresses Indian hedgehog (IHH), undergoing terminal cartilage differentiation, and almost no Parathyroid‐related protein (PTHrP), which is required to develop a proliferative growth plate (epiphysis). Reduction of the distal fibula may be influenced earlier by its close contact with the nearby fibulare, which strongly expresses PTHrP. The epiphysis‐like fibulare however then separates from the fibula, which fails to maintain a distal growth plate, and fibular reduction ensues. Experimental downregulation of IHH signaling at a postmorphogenetic stage led to a tibia and fibula of equal length: The fibula is longer than in controls and fused to the fibulare, whereas the tibia is shorter and bent. We propose that the presence of a distal fibular epiphysis may constrain greater growth in the tibia. Accordingly, many Mesozoic birds show a fibula that has lost its distal epiphysis, but remains almost as long as the tibia, suggesting that loss of the fibulare preceded and allowed subsequent evolution of great fibulo–tibial disparity.
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DOI：
10.1098/rspb.2014.0765
发表时间：
2014-08-07
影响因子：
4.7
作者：
Francisco Botelho, Joao;Smith-Paredes, Daniel;Vargas, Alexander O.
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通讯作者：
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影响因子：
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作者：
Botelho JF;Ossa-Fuentes L;Soto-Acuña S;Smith-Paredes D;Nuñez-León D;Salinas-Saavedra M;Ruiz-Flores M;Vargas AO
通讯作者：
Vargas AO