The E3 ubiquitin ligase Mule acts through the ATM-p53 axis to maintain B lymphocyte homeostasis.

The E3 ubiquitin ligase Mule acts through the ATM-p53 axis to maintain B lymphocyte homeostasis.
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DOI:
10.1084/jem.20111363
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发表时间:
2012-01-16
期刊:
The Journal of experimental medicine
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Mak TW
Mak TW
中科院分区:
其他
文献类型:
--
作者:
Hao Z;Duncan GS;Su YW;Li WY;Silvester J;Hong C;You H;Brenner D;Gorrini C;Haight J;Wakeham A;You-Ten A;McCracken S;Elia A;Li Q;Detmar J;Jurisicova A;Hobeika E;Reth M;Sheng Y;Lang PA;Ohashi PS;Zhong Q;Wang X;Mak TW

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基因操作表明,Mule 对 B 细胞发育、增殖和体内平衡至关重要,因为它具有调节 p53 和 ATM 的能力。细胞稳态由平衡细胞死亡与存活的途径控制。 Mcl-1 泛素连接酶 E3 (Mule) 是一种 E3 泛素连接酶,靶向促凋亡分子 p53 进行多泛素化和降解。为了阐明 Mule 在 B 淋巴细胞稳态中的作用,使用 Cre-LoxP 重组系统生成了 B 细胞特异性 Mule 敲除 (BMKO) 小鼠。对 BMKO 小鼠的分析表明,Mule 对于 B 细胞发育、增殖、体内平衡和体液免疫反应至关重要。在稳定状态下,Mule 缺陷 B 细胞中的 p53 反式激活增加了两到四倍。 BMKO 小鼠中 p53 的基因消除恢复了 B 细胞的发育、增殖和体内平衡。在静息的 Mule 缺陷型小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞 (MEF) 和胚胎干细胞 (ES) 中,p53 蛋白增加。 MEF 和 B 细胞在稳态下失去 Mule 会导致磷酸共济失调毛细血管扩张突变 (ATM) 和 ATM 底物 p53 水平增加。在基因毒性应激下,BMKO B 细胞能够抵抗细胞凋亡,并且对照 MEF 表现出 Mule 和磷酸 ATM 之间物理相互作用的证据。在遭受基因毒性应激的 Mule 缺陷 B 细胞和 MEF 中,磷酸化 ATM、磷酸化 p53 和 Brca1 水平降低。因此,Mule 调节 ATM-p53 轴以维持稳态和应激条件下的 B 细胞稳态。
Genetic manipulation reveals that Mule is vital for B cell development, proliferation, and homeostasis as a result of its ability to regulate p53 and ATM. Cellular homeostasis is controlled by pathways that balance cell death with survival. Mcl-1 ubiquitin ligase E3 (Mule) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets the proapoptotic molecule p53 for polyubiquitination and degradation. To elucidate the role of Mule in B lymphocyte homeostasis, B cell–specific Mule knockout (BMKO) mice were generated using the Cre–LoxP recombination system. Analysis of BMKO mice showed that Mule was essential for B cell development, proliferation, homeostasis, and humoral immune responses. p53 transactivation was increased by two- to fourfold in Mule-deficient B cells at steady state. Genetic ablation of p53 in BMKO mice restored B cell development, proliferation, and homeostasis. p53 protein was increased in resting Mule-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and embryonic stem (ES) cells. Loss of Mule in both MEFs and B cells at steady state resulted in increased levels of phospho–ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and the ATM substrate p53. Under genotoxic stress, BMKO B cells were resistant to apoptosis, and control MEFs exhibited evidence of a physical interaction between Mule and phospho-ATM. Phospho-ATM, phospho-p53, and Brca1 levels were reduced in Mule-deficient B cells and MEFs subjected to genotoxic stress. Thus, Mule regulates the ATM–p53 axis to maintain B cell homeostasis under both steady-state and stress conditions.
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