Accessing Centnerszwer's quasiracemate – molecular shape controlled molecular recognition

Accessing Centnerszwer's quasiracemate – molecular shape controlled molecular recognition
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访问 Centnerszwer 的准外消旋体 – 分子形状控制的分子识别

DOI:
10.1039/c6ra08131b
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发表时间:
2016
期刊:
影响因子:
3.9
通讯作者:
Wheeler, Kraig A.
Wheeler, Kraig A.
中科院分区:
化学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Spaniol, Jacqueline M.;Wheeler, Kraig A.

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M.Centnerszwer1899年的开创性报告利用熔点行为研究了不同物质的光学对极之间的立体化学关系。一个有趣的熔点相图是从这个早期的研究中得出的,它结合了(+)-2-氯丁二酸[(+)-1]和(−)-2-溴琥珀酸[(−)-2]。虽然CentnerszWell的数据清楚地表明在1 : 1组分比例下形成了准外消旋相-即由一对相反手性的等量分子构成的材料-但这种材料在能量上不如手性对应物。这种晶体不稳定性的后果是明显的,因为没有文献报道的准外消旋相(+)-1/(−)-2和外消旋体(±)-1和(±)-2的晶体结构。这项研究绕过了这一挑战,通过使用额外的结晶剂来生成多分子组装,这些结晶剂能够补充琥珀酸1和2的氢键能力。咪唑(Im)和4,4‘-联吡啶-N,N’-二氧化物(BPDO)都是量身定制的添加剂,有效地改变了(+)-1/(−)-2准外消旋体的晶体堆积格局。咪唑与1和2的准外消旋体、外消旋体和对映体形成的晶体结构是由N+-H⋯羧酸盐和羧基⋯羧酸盐高度定向相互作用形成的具有层状模体的分子盐结构。与对映体[(+)-1·Im和(−)-2·Im]和外消旋[(±)-1·Im和(±)-2·Im]体系不同,在准外消旋体(+)-1/(−)-2·Im中观察到的相邻分子层是由近似的反转对称性组成的。通过晶体密度和堆积系数(Ck)对这一系列分子盐的晶体堆积效率进行评估,结果表明咪唑极大地改变了体系的晶型,有利于外消旋和准外消旋晶体堆积。(+)-1/(−)-2·BPDO三元共晶体系也存在相似的脱对称结晶环境,各组分通过N+-O−⋯羧基接触而组织。这项研究强调了分子形状对分子识别过程的重要性,以及量身定做的添加剂对以前无法获得的晶体材料产生新的晶相的稳定作用。
M. Centnerszwer's seminal 1899 report investigated the stereochemical relationship between optical antipodes of different substances using melting-point behavior. One intriguing melting-point phase diagram produced from this early investigation combined (+)-2-chlorosuccinic acid [(+)-1] and (−)-2-bromosuccinic acid [(−)-2]. While Centnerszwer's data clearly indicates the formation of a quasiracemic phase – i.e., materials constructed from pairs of isosteric molecules of opposite handedness – at the 1 : 1 component ratio, this material is energetically less favorable than the chiral counterparts. The consequence of this crystal instability is significant as evident by the absence of literature sited crystal structures for the quasiracemic phase (+)-1/(−)-2 and racemates (±)-1 and (±)-2. This study circumvented this challenge by generating multi-molecular assemblies using additional crystallizing agents capable of complementing the hydrogen-bond abilities of succinic acids 1 and 2. Both imidazole (Im) and 4,4′-bipyridyl-N,N′-dioxide (BPDO) served as tailor-made additives that effectively modified the crystal packing landscape of quasiracemate of (+)-1/(−)-2. Combining imidazole with the quasiracemate, racemate, and enantiopure forms of 1 and 2 resulted in crystal structures characterized as molecular salts with layered motifs formed from highly directional N+–H⋯carboxylate and carboxyl⋯carboxylate interactions. In contrast to the enantiopure [(+)-1·Im and (−)-2·Im] and racemic [(±)-1·Im and (±)-2·Im] systems, neighboring molecular layers observed in quasiracemate (+)-1/(−)-2·Im are organized by approximate inversion symmetry. Assessment of the crystal packing efficiency for this series of molecular salts via crystal densities and packing coefficients (Ck) indicates imidazole greatly alters the crystal landscape of the system in favor of racemic and quasiracemic crystal packing. A similar desymmetrized crystal environment was also realized for the ternary cocrystalline system of (+)-1/(−)-2·BPDO where the components organize via N+–O−⋯carboxyl contacts. This study underscores the importance of molecular shape to molecular recognition processes and the stabilizing effect of tailor-made additives for creating new crystalline phases of previously inaccessible crystalline materials.
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