Cellular origins of dsRNA, their recognition and consequences.

Cellular origins of dsRNA, their recognition and consequences.
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DOI:
10.1038/s41580-021-00430-1
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发表时间:
2022-04
期刊:
Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Hur S
Hur S
中科院分区:
其他
文献类型:
--
作者:
Chen YG;Hur S

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双链RNA(DsRNA)与大多数病毒感染有关--它要么构成病毒基因组(就dsRNA病毒而言),要么在病毒复制过程中在宿主细胞中产生。因此,几乎所有的生物都有能力识别dsRNA并做出反应,其主要目的是减轻潜在的感染。在脊椎动物中,dsRNA的一组先天免疫受体在识别dsRNA的基础上诱导了大量的细胞内和细胞外免疫反应。值得注意的是,最近的研究表明,脊椎动物细胞可以在几个细胞过程失调时积累自我衍生的dsRNA或类似dsRNA的物种,激活与感染细胞完全相同的免疫途径。一方面,在没有感染的情况下,这种异常的免疫激活可能会导致免疫疾病的发病,如艾卡迪-古蒂埃综合征。另一方面,同样的先天免疫反应可以在受控环境中诱导,以获得治疗益处,就像在免疫疗法中发生的那样。在这篇综述中,我们描述了由病毒或宿主细胞在哺乳动物细胞中产生免疫刺激dsRNAs的机制,以及细胞如何对它们做出反应,重点介绍了细胞dsRNAs在免疫调节中的作用的最新进展。
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is associated with most viral infections — it either constitutes the viral genome (in the case of dsRNA viruses) or is generated in host cells during viral replication. Hence, nearly all organisms have the capability of recognizing dsRNA and mounting a response, the primary aim of which is to mitigate the potential infection. In vertebrates, a set of innate immune receptors for dsRNA induce a multitude of cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic immune responses upon dsRNA recognition. Notably, recent studies showed that vertebrate cells can accumulate self-derived dsRNAs or dsRNA-like species upon dysregulation of several cellular processes, activating the very same immune pathways as in infected cells. On the one hand, such aberrant immune activation in the absence of infection can lead to pathogenesis of immune disorders, such as Aicardi–Goutières syndrome. On the other hand, the same innate immune reaction can be induced in a controlled setting for a therapeutic benefit, as occurs in immunotherapies. In this Review, we describe mechanisms by which immunostimulatory dsRNAs are generated in mammalian cells, either by viruses or by the host cells, and how cells respond to them, with the focus on recent developments regarding the role of cellular dsRNAs in immune modulation.
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