Serial versus parallel search: A model comparison approach based on reaction time distributions
Serial versus parallel search: A model comparison approach based on reaction time distributions
复制标题
串行与并行搜索：基于反应时间分布的模型比较方法
DOI：
10.1080/13506285.2017.1352055
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发表时间：
2017
期刊：
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
D. Heinke
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
V. Narbutas;Y.;M. Kristan;D. Heinke
50多年来，视觉搜索实验一直被用来研究人类如何在复杂的视觉场景中找到与行为相关的物体。在同样长的时间内，对于该搜索是以串行还是并行方式执行一直存在争议。本文通过对三个视觉搜索实验（特征搜索、连接搜索、空间配置搜索）的反应时间（RT）分布进行数值拟合，建立了序列搜索模型和并行搜索模型。为了做到这一点，我们使用了一种基于新型核密度估计器（KDE）的自由似然方法。序列搜索模型是Moran等人[(2013)]提出的竞争引导搜索（Competitive Guided search， CGS）模型。竞争性引导搜索：应对基准RT发行版的挑战。视觉学报，13(8),24-24。我们能够复制CGS从视觉搜索实验中模拟RT分布的能力，并证明CGS可以很好地推广到新数据。平行模型基于有偏见竞争理论，并利用了Heinke和Humphreys[(2003)]提出的一种非常简单的生物学上看似合理的赢家通吃（WTA）机制。注意、空间表征和视觉忽视：在选择性注意识别模型中模拟突发注意和空间记忆。心理评论，110(1),29-87。有了这种机制，SAIM已经能够解释广泛的注意现象，但它不是专门设计来模拟视觉搜索中的RT分布。尽管如此，WTA还是能够重现这些分布。然而，两种模型的直接比较表明，序列CGS比WTA机制更能解释RT分布。CGS的成功主要归功于沃尔德分布的使用，沃尔德分布是专门为视觉搜索建模而设计的。未来的WTA版本必须找到一种生物学上合理的机制来重现这种RT分布。最后，这两个模型都无法推广到所有的显示尺寸。从这些比较中，我们提出了改进模型的建议，并推动了实证研究，为两种类型的搜索设计了更强的测试。
ABSTRACT For 50 years or so, visual search experiments have been used to examine how humans find behaviourally relevant objects in complex visual scenes. For the same length of time, there has been a dispute over whether this search is performed in a serial or parallel fashion. In this paper, we approach this dispute by numerically fitting a serial search model and a parallel search model to reaction time (RT) distributions from three visual search experiments (feature search, conjunction search, spatial configuration search). In order to do so, we used a free-likelihood method based on a novel kernel density estimator (KDE). The serial search model was the Competitive Guided Search (CGS) model by Moran et al. [(2013). Competitive guided search: Meeting the challenge of benchmark RT distributions. Journal of Vision, 13(8), 24–24.]. We were able to replicate the ability of CGS to model RT distributions from visual search experiments, and demonstrated that CGS generalizes well to new data. The parallel model was based on the biased-competition theory and utilized a very simple biologically-plausible winner-take-all (WTA) mechanism from Heinke and Humphreys’s [(2003). Attention, spatial representation and visual neglect: Simulating emergent attention and spatial memory in the Selective Attention for Identification Model (SAIM). Psychological Review, 110(1), 29–87.]. With this mechanism, SAIM has been able to explain a broad range of attentional phenomena but it was not specifically designed to model RT distributions in visual search. Nevertheless, the WTA was able to reproduce these distributions. However, a direct comparison of the two models suggested that the serial CGS is slightly better equipped to explain the RT distributions than the WTA mechanism. The CGS’s success was mainly down the usage of the Wald distribution which was specifically designed to model visual search. Future WTA versions will have to find a biologically plausible mechanism to reproduce such a RT distribution. Finally, both models suffered from a failure to generalize across all display sizes. From these comparisons, we developed suggestions for improving the models and motivated empirical studies to devise a stronger test for the two types of searches.
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影响因子：
1.8
作者：
Eckstein, Miguel P.
通讯作者：
Eckstein, Miguel P.
影响因子：
5.4
作者：
M. Usher;James L. McClelland
通讯作者：
M. Usher;James L. McClelland
影响因子：
7
作者：
Turner, Brandon M.;Sederberg, Per B.;Brown, Scott D.;Steyvers, Mark
通讯作者：
Steyvers, Mark
影响因子：
4.1
作者：
EGLY, R;DRIVER, J;RAFAL, RD
通讯作者：
RAFAL, RD
DOI：
10.1037/a0020747
发表时间：
2011-02
影响因子：
2.1
作者：
Palmer, Evan M.;Horowitz, Todd S.;Torralba, Antonio;Wolfe, Jeremy M.
通讯作者：
Wolfe, Jeremy M.