Genome editing using TALENs in blind Mexican Cavefish, Astyanax mexicanus.

Genome editing using TALENs in blind Mexican Cavefish, Astyanax mexicanus.
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DOI:
10.1371/journal.pone.0119370
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发表时间:
2015
期刊:
影响因子:
3.7
通讯作者:
Kowalko JE
Kowalko JE
中科院分区:
综合性期刊3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Ma L;Jeffery WR;Essner JJ;Kowalko JE

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墨西哥丽脂鲤(Astyanax mexicanus)是一种硬骨鱼,以河流栖息的表面形式和多种洞穴栖息形式存在,是研究进化遗传基础的极好系统。洞穴鱼类种群,独立地从表面鱼类祖先进化多次,已经进化了许多形态和行为特征。已经进行了数量性状基因座(QTL)分析以鉴定许多这些性状的遗传基础。这些研究,结合最近的基因组测序,提供了一个独特的机会,以确定这些洞穴特异性性状的候选基因。然而,必须建立测试这些基因的要求的工具,以评估候选基因在产生洞穴特异性性状中的作用。为了满足这一需求,我们设计了转录激活因子样效应核酸酶(TALEN),以靶向两个基因,这些基因包含洞穴鱼相对于水面鱼的编码变化,并映射到与色素沉着,眼皮肤白化病2(oca 2)和黑皮质素1受体(mc 1 r)QTL相同的位置。我们发现,表面鱼类基因可以使用这种方法进行突变。TALEN诱导的oca 2突变导致F0代创始鱼中可见的黑色素沉着的镶嵌损失,如白化病斑,表明F0代中的双等位基因突变,并使我们能够评估该基因在色素沉着中的作用。白化病斑中的色素细胞在用L-DOPA处理后可以产生黑色素,其行为类似于白化病洞穴鱼中的色素细胞,并且提供了另外的证据,即oca 2是负责洞穴鱼白化病的QTL内的基因。这项技术有可能引入一个强大的工具,用于研究负责洞穴鱼类性状进化的候选基因的作用。
Astyanax mexicanus, a teleost fish that exists in a river-dwelling surface form and multiple cave-dwelling forms, is an excellent system for studying the genetic basis of evolution. Cavefish populations, which independently evolved from surface fish ancestors multiple times, have evolved a number of morphological and behavioral traits. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses have been performed to identify the genetic basis of many of these traits. These studies, combined with recent sequencing of the genome, provide a unique opportunity to identify candidate genes for these cave-specific traits. However, tools to test the requirement of these genes must be established to evaluate the role of candidate genes in generating cave-specific traits. To address this need, we designed transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) to target two genes that contain coding changes in cavefish relative to surface fish and map to the same location as QTL for pigmentation, oculocutaneous albinism 2 (oca2) and melanocortin 1 receptor (mc1r). We found that surface fish genes can be mutated using this method. TALEN-induced mutations in oca2 result in mosaic loss of melanin pigmentation visible as albino patches in F0 founder fish, suggesting biallelic gene mutations in F0s and allowing us to evaluate the role of this gene in pigmentation. The pigment cells in the albino patches can produce melanin upon treatment with L-DOPA, behaving similarly to pigment cells in albino cavefish and providing additional evidence that oca2 is the gene within the QTL responsible for albinism in cavefish. This technology has the potential to introduce a powerful tool for studying the role of candidate genes responsible for the evolution of cavefish traits.
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