21 - Bringing Down the Complexity: Fast Composable Protocols for Card Games Without Secret State

21 - Bringing Down the Complexity: Fast Composable Protocols for Card Games Without Secret State
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21 - 降低复杂性:无需秘密状态的纸牌游戏的快速可组合协议

DOI:
10.1007/978-3-319-93638-3_4
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发表时间:
2018
期刊:
Information Security and Privacy. ACISP 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science.
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Larangeira Mario
Larangeira Mario
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
David Bernardo;Dowsley Rafael;Larangeira Mario

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虽然已经提出了许多纸牌游戏的加密协议,但它们都集中在纸牌游戏中,玩家有一些必须相互保密的状态,例如扑克中的gclosed cards和bluffs。这种情况提出了许多有趣的技术挑战,这些挑战都是通过引入大量计算和通信开销(例如零知识证明)的加密工具来解决的。在本文中,我们考虑的情况下,不需要任何秘密状态被保持(例如,二十一点和百家乐)的游戏。基本上,在这些游戏中,牌是随机选择的,然后公开宣传,允许玩家公开宣布他们的行动(在牌被知道之前或之后)。我们表明,这种游戏的协议可以建立从非常轻量级的原语,如数字签名和规范的随机预言承诺,产生的结构远远优于所有已知的纸牌游戏协议的通信,计算和轮的复杂性。此外,在构建高效的协议,我们引入了一种新的技术,基于可验证的随机函数扩展抛硬币,这是我们的建设的核心。除了确保游戏的正确进行,我们的协议还支持经济奖励和处罚的执行,保证赢家获得奖励,作弊者得到经济处罚。为了做到这一点,我们构建了基于区块链的技术,利用有状态智能合约的力量来确保公平的协议执行。
While many cryptographic protocols for card games have been proposed, all of them focus on card games where players have some state that must be kept secret from each other,e.gclosed cards and bluffs in Poker. This scenario poses many interesting technical challenges, which are addressed with cryptographic tools that introduce significant computational and communication overheads (e.g.zero-knowledge proofs). In this paper, we consider the case of games that do not require any secret state to be maintained (e.g.Blackjack and Baccarat). Basically, in these games, cards are chosen at random and then publicly advertised, allowing for players to publicly announce their actions (before or after cards are known). We show that protocols for such games can be built from very lightweight primitives such as digital signatures and canonical random oracle commitments, yielding constructions that far outperform all known card game protocols in terms of communication, computational and round complexities. Moreover, in constructing highly efficient protocols, we introduce a new technique based on verifiable random functions for extending coin tossing, which is at the core of our constructions. Besides ensuring that the games are played correctly, our protocols support financial rewards and penalties enforcement, guaranteeing that winners receive their rewards and that cheaters get financially penalized. In order to do so, we build on blockchain-based techniques that leverage the power of stateful smart contracts to ensure fair protocol execution.
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期刊:
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作者:
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