Origin and Evolution of RAS Membrane Targeting.

Origin and Evolution of RAS Membrane Targeting.
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DOI:
10.1038/s41388-023-02672-z
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发表时间:
2023-05
期刊:
影响因子:
8
通讯作者:
Philips, Mark R. R.
Philips, Mark R. R.
中科院分区:
医学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Garcia-Espana, Antonio;Philips, Mark R. R.

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KRAS、HRAS和NRAS原癌基因属于一个由40个高度同源的基因组成的家族,而这些基因又是编码小gtpase的bbbb160个基因超家族的一个亚群。RAS蛋白由一个球形g结构域(aa1-166)和一个介导膜靶向的22 - 23aa非结构化高变区(HVR)组成。RAS亚型的进化起源,它们的HVRs和KRAS位点的选择性剪接尚未被探索。我们发现KRAS是RAS原癌基因家族的基础基因,它的重复产生了脊椎动物共同祖先的HRAS。在第二轮重复中,HRAS产生了NRAS, KRAS产生了一个额外的RAS基因,我们将其命名为KRASBL,该基因在哺乳动物和鸟类中不存在。KRAS4A是通过将NRAS的第4外显子复制并插入KRAS的第3内含子而产生的。我们在HRAS、NRAS和KRAS4A中发现了短多碱基区(PBR1)的进化保守性,在KRAS4A中发现了第二个多碱基区(PBR2),在KRAS4B和KRASBL中发现了两个中和碱基残基(NB)和一个丝氨酸,在脊椎动物中发现了一个CaaX基序的修饰,这些修饰是用金合木基而不是香叶基聚异戊二烯脂质,这表明疏水性较低的膜锚点对RAS蛋白功能至关重要。四种RAS同型体在4亿至4亿年的进化中持续存在,有力地证明了差异功能的存在。
KRAS, HRAS and NRAS proto-oncogenes belong to a family of 40 highly homologous genes, which in turn are a subset of a superfamily of >160 genes encoding small GTPases. RAS proteins consist of a globular G-domain (aa1-166) and a 22–23 aa unstructured hypervariable region (HVR) that mediates membrane targeting. The evolutionary origins of the RAS isoforms, their HVRs and alternative splicing of the KRAS locus has not been explored. We found that KRAS is basal to the RAS proto-oncogene family and its duplication generated HRAS in the common ancestor of vertebrates. In a second round of duplication HRAS generated NRAS and KRAS generated an additional RAS gene we have designated KRASBL, absent in mammals and birds. KRAS4A arose through a duplication and insertion of the 4th exon of NRAS into the 3rd intron of KRAS. We found evolutionary conservation of a short polybasic region (PBR1) in HRAS, NRAS and KRAS4A, a second polybasic region (PBR2) in KRAS4A, two neutralized basic residues (NB) and a serine in KRAS4B and KRASBL, and a modification of the CaaX motif in vertebrates with farnesyl rather than geranylgeranyl polyisoprene lipids, suggesting that a less hydrophobic membrane anchor is critical to RAS protein function. The persistence of four RAS isoforms through >400 million years of evolution argues strongly for differential function.
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