Speciation in Nearctic oak gall wasps is frequently correlated with changes in host plant, host organ, or both.
Speciation in Nearctic oak gall wasps is frequently correlated with changes in host plant, host organ, or both.
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DOI：
10.1111/evo.14562
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发表时间：
2022-08
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--
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中科院分区：
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量化特定食草昆虫在不同分支中向新寄主植物转移的频率对于了解寄主转移是否以及如何促进物种起源至关重要。栎瘿蜂（膜翅目：栎蜂科：栎蜂科）是一种约1000种的植食性昆虫，它们在栎科树木的各种器官上诱导形成瘿，主要是橡树（栎属；约435 sp.）。橡树瘿蜂与橡树的联系是古老的（约50年），大多数橡树物种都被一种或多种瘿蜂叮咬。尽管瘿蜂种类及其植物关联具有多样性，但以前的系统发育工作尚未发现在其他植食性昆虫系统中发现的宿主植物转移的强烈信号。然而，大多数的重点都放在了西古北，而不是新北极，那里的橡树和橡树瘿蜂的种类要丰富得多。本文收集了86种新栎瘿蜂，对其超保守元件（UCEs）和侧翼序列进行了测序，以推测新栎瘿蜂的系统发育。我们评估了新北极瘿蜂彼此之间的关系，并利用以前发表的UCE数据评估了古北极动物群的关系。然后，我们使用系统发生学来推断宿主树种和树木器官之间转移的历史模式。我们的研究结果表明，橡树瘿蜂在古北纬和新北极之间至少移动了四次，一些古北纬的黄蜂枝的近源在新北极，而瘿蜂在橡树段、亚段和器官之间和内部移动的频率比以前的数据所显示的要高得多。鉴于寄主转移已被证明会导致其他食植物昆虫中寄主相关种群之间的生殖隔离，我们对新北极瘿蜂的分析表明，寄主转移是这一进化支系物种形成的关键驱动因素，特别是在橡树多样性的热点地区。虽然对这一假设的正式评估需要进一步的研究，但我们数据集中的两个假定的寡食瘿蜂物种显示出与宿主相关的遗传分化信号，不受地理距离的影响，这表明基因流动障碍与使用替代寄主植物有关。
Quantifying the frequency of shifts to new host plants within diverse clades of specialist herbivorous insects is critically important to understand whether and how host shifts contribute to the origin of species. Oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) comprise a tribe of ∼1000 species of phytophagous insects that induce gall formation on various organs of trees in the family Fagacae—primarily the oaks (genus Quercus; ∼435 sp.). The association of oak gall wasps with oaks is ancient (∼50 my), and most oak species are galled by one or more gall wasp species. Despite the diversity of both gall wasp species and their plant associations, previous phylogenetic work has not identified the strong signal of host plant shifting among oak gall wasps that has been found in other phytophagous insect systems. However, most emphasis has been on the Western Palearctic and not the Nearctic where both oaks and oak gall wasps are considerably more species rich. We collected 86 species of Nearctic oak gall wasps from most of the major clades of Nearctic oaks and sequenced >1000 Ultraconserved Elements (UCEs) and flanking sequences to infer wasp phylogenies. We assessed the relationships of Nearctic gall wasps to one another and, by leveraging previously published UCE data, to the Palearctic fauna. We then used phylogenies to infer historical patterns of shifts among host tree species and tree organs. Our results indicate that oak gall wasps have moved between the Palearctic and Nearctic at least four times, that some Palearctic wasp clades have their proximate origin in the Nearctic, and that gall wasps have shifted within and between oak tree sections, subsections, and organs considerably more often than previous data have suggested. Given that host shifts have been demonstrated to drive reproductive isolation between host‐associated populations in other phytophagous insects, our analyses of Nearctic gall wasps suggest that host shifts are key drivers of speciation in this clade, especially in hotspots of oak diversity. Although formal assessment of this hypothesis requires further study, two putatively oligophagous gall wasp species in our dataset show signals of host‐associated genetic differentiation unconfounded by geographic distance, suggestive of barriers to gene flow associated with the use of alternative host plants.
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