The sweat matrix: a new perspective for drugs analysis
The sweat matrix: a new perspective for drugs analysis
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汗液基质：药物分析的新视角
DOI：
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发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
V. Pascali
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
N. Fucci;N. De Giovanni;V. Pascali
汗水是一个合适的矩阵在许多法医目的;近年来，汗水测试受到了科学家的特别关注，因为它可能应用于其他不同的比赛，如路边药物测试，以确定司机的损伤，影响下的犯罪，兴奋剂背景，精神疾病，药物相关的死亡，怀孕和工作场所药物测试（1）。汗液大约由99%的水组成，其中最浓缩的溶质是氯化钠。它由起源于皮肤真皮的外分泌腺和顶泌腺产生，并终止于流入皮肤表面和毛囊的分泌管。人体汗液的分泌代表了一种重要的自我平衡机制，用于将恒定的核心体温维持在狭窄的生理范围内;分泌的汗液量变化很大，取决于日常活动，情绪状态和环境温度（2）。多年来，已经证明内源性和外源性化学物质在汗液中分泌（3），但主要由于收集皮肤分泌物的困难，许多分析和实践问题直到90年代才允许其在法医毒理学中应用。近年来（4，5），已经取得了显着的进步，以开发一个汗水补丁技术，实际上，几个商业设备可用于收集汗水，但最常见的应用是汗水补丁。早期的补丁是由吸水棉垫夹在防水的聚氨酯，外层和贴靠皮肤放置的多孔内层（6）。药物结合到汗液中的机制尚未完全理解，并且存在药物可以分泌到汗液中的几种潜在机制，包括从血液到汗腺的被动扩散和药物穿过皮肤的经皮迁移（7）。使用汗液贴片的许多益处，包括高受试者可接受性、对贴片粘合剂的过敏反应的低发生率以及使用单个贴片监测药物摄入数周的能力。汗液中的水成分会穿过聚氨酯;汗液中排泄或穿过皮肤的固体、盐和药物会被收集在收集垫上。时间窗部分取决于药物使用模式，慢性、偶尔和未使用可通过每日尿液分析轻松识别，而贴剂仅识别部分偶尔药物使用事件和所有频繁慢性使用者。然而，贴剂的使用具有一些缺点，包括受试者之间的差异性高，贴剂在应用前或移除后可能受到环境污染，以及在监测期间意外移除的风险（8，9）。此外，定量分析是没有用的，因为分泌的汗液量是高度可变的，并且汗液体积的测量是不可能的。另一个关键方面涉及评价药物稳定性的研究不足，此外，在长期暴露后，亲脂性药物可能储存在脂肪组织中，因此它们确实在脂肪中积累，错误地表明了新的药物摄入事件。汗斑分析需要提取和灵敏的色谱方法结合质谱法，以达到有效的定量限。尽管，通常用于筛查的免疫测定
THE SWEAT is a suitable matrix in many forensic purposes; in recent years, sweat testing received particular attention by scientists for its possible application on other different contest as roadside drug testing to establish driver’s impairment, crime under influence, doping context, psychiatric disorders, drug related deaths, pregnancy and workplace drug testing (1). Sweat is composed approximately by 99% of water with the most concentrated solute being sodium chloride. It is produced by ecrine and apocrine glands originating in the skin dermis and terminating in secretory canals that flow into the skin surface and hair follicles. The secretion of human sweat represents an important homeostatic mechanism for maintaining a constant core body temperature to a narrow physiological range; the amount of sweat secreted is highly variable and dependent upon daily activity, emotional state and environmental temperature (2). Since many years, it has been demonstrated that endogenous and exogenous chemicals are secreted in sweat (3) but many analytical and practical problems mainly due to the difficulty in collecting skin excretions, did not allow its application in forensic toxicology until the nineties. In more recent years (4, 5), significant advances have been made to develop a sweatpatch technology, actually several commercial devices are available for the collection of sweat, however the most common application is the sweat patch. Early patch were made of absorbent cotton pads sandwiched between a waterproof, polyurethane, outer layer and a porous inner layer that is placed against the skin (6).The mechanism by which drugs are incorporated into sweat not fully understood and there are several potential mechanism by which drugs may be secreted in the sweat including passive diffusion from blood into sweat glands and transdermal migration of drugs across the skin (7). Many benefits in using the sweat patch, including high subject acceptability, low incidence of allergic reactions to the patch adhesive and ability to monitor drug intake for a period of several weeks with a single patch. The water component of sweat passes through the polyurethane; solids, salts and drugs excreted in the sweat or that pass through the skin are trapped on the collection pad. Time window depends in part on drug use pattern, chronic, occasional and no-use are readily identified by daily urinalysis while patch identifies only some of the occasional drug use episodes and all of the frequent chronic users. However, the use of the patches has some disadvantages including high inter-subject variability, the possibility of environmental contamination of the patch before the application or after removal and the risk of accidental removal during a monitoring period (8, 9). Moreover, quantitative analysis is not useful, because the amount of sweat secreted is highly variable and the measurement of the volume of sweat is not possible. Another critical aspects is related to the insufficient studies to evaluate the stability of drugs, moreover after chronic exposure lipophilic drugs may be stored in adipose tissue hence they do accumulate in fat falsely suggesting new episodes of drug intake. Sweat-patch analysis requires extraction and sensitive chromatographic methods in combination with mass spectrometry to achieve an effective limit of quantification. Even though, immunoassays commonly used to screen
通过汗水测试检测可卡因的使用：汗贴佩戴长度数据的多级建模。
影响因子：
2.5
作者：
Liberty,HilaryJames;Johnson,BruceD;Fortner,Neil
通讯作者：
Fortner,Neil