A Critical Time for Mercury Science to Inform Global Policy.
A Critical Time for Mercury Science to Inform Global Policy.
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DOI：
10.1021/acs.est.8b02286
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发表时间：
2018-09-04
影响因子：
11.4
通讯作者：
Thompson MR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Chen CY;Driscoll CT;Eagles-Smith CA;Eckley CS;Gay DA;Hsu-Kim H;Keane SE;Kirk JL;Mason RP;Obrist D;Selin H;Selin NE;Thompson MR
汞是一种全球污染物，通过各种人类活动（包括煤炭燃烧、采矿、手工金矿开采、水泥生产和化学品生产）从地质储存中释放到生物圈中。一旦释放到空气、土地和水中，细菌将碳原子添加到汞中，就会产生甲基汞，这种有毒形式会在水生和陆地食物链中生物累积，导致人类和野生动物的接触量增加。全球对汞污染问题的认识催生了《汞水俣公约》，该公约于 2017 年生效。该条约旨在保护人类健康和环境免受人类排放汞的影响，从而减少汞在生物圈中的移动和转化。与该条约生效同时，第十三届汞作为全球污染物国际会议 (ICMGP-13) 在美国罗德岛州普罗维登斯举行。 ICMGP-13 总结并介绍了前沿研究，以解决与全球和区域汞来源和循环、汞如何甲基化、汞暴露对人类和野生动物的影响以及成功实施《水俣公约》所需的科学相关的问题。人类活动有可能通过重新利用先前释放的汞并提高甲基化效率来增强汞甲基化。该综合报告得出的结论是，影响汞及其毒性更强的形式甲基汞的命运和影响的许多最重要因素源于环境变化，其范围比单独的汞释放要广泛得多。由于气候和土地利用变化而导致的汞循环、甲基汞生物利用度和营养转移的变化仍然是有效实施《水俣公约》的关键不确定因素。面对这些不确定性，需要在短期内采取重要的政策和管理行动，以支持控制汞向土地、水和空气的排放。其中包括对因食用鱼类和大米而接触各种形式的无机汞以及甲基汞所带来的风险进行充分的监测和沟通。全球和地方汞污染的成功管理需要在不断变化的世界中整合汞研究和政策。
Mercury is a global pollutant released into the biosphere from geologic stores by varied human activities including coal combustion, mining, artisanal gold mining, cement production, and chemical production. Once released to air, land and water, the addition of carbon atoms to mercury by bacteria results in the production of methylmercury, the toxic form that bioaccumulates in aquatic and terrestrial food chains resulting in elevated exposure to humans and wildlife. Global recognition of the mercury contamination problem has resulted in the Minamata Convention on Mercury, which came into force in 2017. The treaty aims to protect human health and the environment from human-generated releases of mercury curtailing its movement and transformations in the biosphere. Coincident with the treaty’s coming into force, the 13th International Conference of Mercury as a Global Pollutant (ICMGP-13) was held in Providence, Rhode Island USA. At ICMGP-13, cutting edge research was summarized and presented to address questions relating to global and regional sources and cycling of mercury, how that mercury is methylated, the effects of mercury exposure on humans and wildlife, and the science needed for successful implementation of the Minamata Convention. Human activities have the potential to enhance mercury methylation by remobilizing previously released mercury, and increasing methylation efficiency. This synthesis concluded that many of the most important factors influencing the fate and effects of mercury and its more toxic form, methylmercury, stem from environmental changes that are much broader in scope than mercury releases alone. Alterations of mercury cycling, methylmercury bioavailability and trophic transfer due to climate and land use changes remain critical uncertainties in effective implementation of the Minamata Convention. In the face of these uncertainties, important policy and management actions are needed over the short-term to support the control of mercury releases to land, water and air. These include adequate monitoring and communication on risk from exposure to various forms of inorganic mercury as well as methylmercury from fish and rice consumption. Successful management of global and local mercury pollution will require integration of mercury research and policy in a changing world.
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影响因子：
6.5
作者：
Selin H;Keane SE;Wang S;Selin NE;Davis K;Bally D
通讯作者：
Bally D
影响因子：
6.5
作者：
Obrist D;Kirk JL;Zhang L;Sunderland EM;Jiskra M;Selin NE
通讯作者：
Selin NE
影响因子：
6.5
作者：
Eagles-Smith CA;Silbergeld EK;Basu N;Bustamante P;Diaz-Barriga F;Hopkins WA;Kidd KA;Nyland JF
通讯作者：
Nyland JF
影响因子：
6.5
作者：
Steffen, Will;Crutzen, Paul J.;McNeill, John R.
通讯作者：
McNeill, John R.
影响因子：
11.4
作者：
Driscoll, Charles T.;Mason, Robert P.;Chan, Hing Man;Jacob, Daniel J.;Pirrone, Nicola
通讯作者：
Pirrone, Nicola