Exploiting the redundancy in the immune system: vaccines can mediate protection by eliciting 'unnatural' immunity.
Exploiting the redundancy in the immune system: vaccines can mediate protection by eliciting 'unnatural' immunity.
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DOI：
10.1084/jem.20030637
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发表时间：
2003-06-02
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Pirofski LA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Casadevall A;Pirofski LA
疫苗学和免疫学领域有着长期而复杂的关系。认为疫苗学是免疫学的一个分支的观点是感性的而非现实的。疫苗学历史悠久，实用，而且往往是特殊的，其主要重点是开发功能性疫苗，保护宿主免受特定微生物的侵害。免疫学是年轻的，概念性的，并努力解释一个非常复杂的系统如何识别和保护免受内部和外部威胁而不自杀。疫苗学在很大程度上以微生物为中心，在临床上取得了成功，而且大多是经验性的，而免疫学在很大程度上以宿主为中心，一直在努力将其理论上的成功和潜力转化为临床应用。在这篇评论中，我们研究了疫苗学和免疫学之间的区别，并提出了疫苗通常通过引发“非自然”免疫来预防传染病的观点：免疫反应不同于甚至可能抵消在对微生物的天然免疫发展过程中产生的免疫反应。疫苗学的成功，通常通过免疫学实现，对疫苗设计应围绕免疫应答的研究以及有效的疫苗应重现对相关微生物的正常免疫应答的论点提出了挑战。用牛痘病毒接种消灭天花可能是疫苗学的最大成就。然而，这一成功也说明了疫苗学和免疫学之间的紧张关系，因为天花（由天花病毒引起）是由一种不同的病毒，牛痘病毒（牛痘病毒）的代理人预防的。通过故意感染不同的病毒（牛痘）来预防天花似乎与特异性对保护性免疫至关重要的原则背道而驰，这是免疫学思想世纪的核心。虽然牛痘诱导的对天花的保护可以用抗原模拟来解释，
The fields of vaccinology and immunology have had a long-standing and complicated relationship. The view that vaccinology is a branch of immunology is more perception than reality. Vaccinology is older, practical, and often idiosyncratic, with its prime focus on the development of functional vaccines that protect a host against a particular microbe. Immunology is younger, conceptual, and strives to explain how a remarkably complex system recognizes and protects against internal and external threats without committing suicide. Vaccinology has been largely microbe-centered, clinically successful, and mostly empirical, whereas immunology has been largely host-centered, having struggled to translate its theoretical success and potential into clinical applicability. In this commentary, we examine the divide between vaccinology and immunology and put forth the view that vaccines often protect against infectious diseases by eliciting ‘unnatural’immunity: immune responses that differ from and may even counteract those that arise during the development of natural immunity to a microbe.The success of vaccinology, often achieved through empiricism, poses a challenge to the theses that vaccine design should be centered around the study of the immune response and that an effective vaccine should recapitulate the normal immune response to the relevant microbe. The eradication of smallpox by vaccination with vaccinia virus is probably the greatest achievement of vaccinology. However, this success also illustrates the tension between vaccinology and immunology, because smallpox (caused by variola virus) was prevented by inoculating humans with a different virus, the agent of cowpox (vaccinia virus). The prevention of variola by deliberate infection with a different virus (vaccinia) would appear to run counter to the tenet that specificity is essential for protective immunity, which has been central to immunological thought for over a century. Although vaccinia-induced protection against variola can be explained by antigenic mimicry, or
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影响因子：
46.9
作者：
Cho, HJ;Takabayashi, K;Raz, E
通讯作者：
Raz, E
影响因子：
4.4
作者：
Shedlock, DJ;Whitmire, JK;Shen, H
通讯作者：
Shen, H
影响因子：
56.9
作者：
Sun, JC;Bevan, MJ
通讯作者：
Bevan, MJ
影响因子：
6.4
作者：
Wüthrich, M;Klein, BS
通讯作者：
Klein, BS
DOI：
10.1084/jem.190.8.1165
发表时间：
1999-10-18
期刊：
The Journal of experimental medicine
影响因子：
--
作者：
Ochsenbein AF;Pinschewer DD;Odermatt B;Carroll MC;Hengartner H;Zinkernagel RM
通讯作者：
Zinkernagel RM