Production of grooming-associated sounds by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) at Ngogo: variation, social learning, and possible functions
Production of grooming-associated sounds by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) at Ngogo: variation, social learning, and possible functions
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Ngogo 的黑猩猩（Pan troglodytes）发出与理毛相关的声音：变异、社会学习和可能的功能
作者：
D. Watts
黑猩猩灵活而自愿地使用某些交际信号，其使用受学习的影响。这些信号包括一些发声，以及使用嘴唇、口腔和/或牙齿发出的声音，但不是声道发出的声音，例如圈养黑猩猩指向人类的“引起注意”的声音和社交梳理期间的嘴唇拍打。乌干达基巴莱国家公园恩戈戈的黑猩猩在梳理其他黑猩猩的毛发时会发出四种不同的声音。在这里，我提出的数据，其中两个（“飞溅”和“牙齿咬”），并考虑社会学习是否有助于其生产的变化，以及它们是否服务于社会功能。较高的一致性，在使用这两个声音之间的二元体的母系亲属比二元体的非亲属意味着社会学习的发生，主要涉及垂直传输，但结果是不确定的，目前还不清楚哪些学习机制可能参与。在成年雄性之间的梳理中，牙齿的咬合和飞溅更有可能在长时间的较量中比短时间的较量中更有可能;在双向的较量中比单向的较量中更有可能;在针对高级别雄性的梳理中比针对低级别雄性的梳理中更有可能;在盟友之间的较量中比在非盟友之间的较量中更有可能。雄性在梳理其他雄性时也比在梳理雌性时更容易发出这些声音。这些结果是预期的，如果声音促进社会关系，并诱导容忍的接近和梳理的高级别男性。然而，另一种假设，即声音只是与动机有关的新郎，没有额外的社会功能，不能排除。有限的数据表明，伴随着牙齿咀嚼或飞溅在他们的开始比发作，这不是对社会功能的情况下，但需要更多的数据进行明确的测试。与其他研究地点的比较表明，黑猩猩可能存在特定的梳理声音方言值得进一步研究。
Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) use some communicative signals flexibly and voluntarily, with use influenced by learning. These signals include some vocalizations and also sounds made using the lips, oral cavity, and/or teeth, but not the vocal tract, such as “attention-getting” sounds directed at humans by captive chimpanzees and lip smacking during social grooming. Chimpanzees at Ngogo, in Kibale National Park, Uganda, make four distinct sounds while grooming others. Here, I present data on two of these (“splutters” and “teeth chomps”) and consider whether social learning contributes to variation in their production and whether they serve social functions. Higher congruence in the use of these two sounds between dyads of maternal relatives than dyads of non-relatives implies that social learning occurs and mostly involves vertical transmission, but the results are not conclusive and it is unclear which learning mechanisms may be involved. In grooming between adult males, tooth chomps and splutters were more likely in long than in short bouts; in bouts that were bidirectional rather than unidirectional; in grooming directed toward high-ranking males than toward low-ranking males; and in bouts between allies than in those between non-allies. Males were also more likely to make these sounds while they were grooming other males than while they were grooming females. These results are expected if the sounds promote social bonds and induce tolerance of proximity and of grooming by high-ranking males. However, the alternative hypothesis that the sounds are merely associated with motivation to groom, with no additional social function, cannot be ruled out. Limited data showing that bouts accompanied by teeth chomping or spluttering at their initiation were longer than bouts for which this was not the case point toward a social function, but more data are needed for a definitive test. Comparison to other research sites shows that the possible existence of grooming-specific sound dialects in chimpanzees deserves further investigation.
黑猩猩的食物呼叫是针对特定个体的
影响因子：
2.5
作者：
Schel A
通讯作者：
Schel A
影响因子：
3.7
作者：
Manchia M;Adli M;Akula N;Ardau R;Aubry JM;Backlund L;Banzato CE;Baune BT;Bellivier F;Bengesser S;Biernacka JM;Brichant-Petitjean C;Bui E;Calkin CV;Cheng AT;Chillotti C;Cichon S;Clark S;Czerski PM;Dantas C;Zompo MD;Depaulo JR;Detera-Wadleigh SD;Etain B;Falkai P;Frisén L;Frye MA;Fullerton J;Gard S;Garnham J;Goes FS;Grof P;Gruber O;Hashimoto R;Hauser J;Heilbronner U;Hoban R;Hou L;Jamain S;Kahn JP;Kassem L;Kato T;Kelsoe JR;Kittel-Schneider S;Kliwicki S;Kuo PH;Kusumi I;Laje G;Lavebratt C;Leboyer M;Leckband SG;López Jaramillo CA;Maj M;Malafosse A;Martinsson L;Masui T;Mitchell PB;Mondimore F;Monteleone P;Nallet A;Neuner M;Novák T;O'Donovan C;Osby U;Ozaki N;Perlis RH;Pfennig A;Potash JB;Reich-Erkelenz D;Reif A;Reininghaus E;Richardson S;Rouleau GA;Rybakowski JK;Schalling M;Schofield PR;Schubert OK;Schweizer B;Seemüller F;Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M;Severino G;Seymour LR;Slaney C;Smoller JW;Squassina A;Stamm T;Steele J;Stopkova P;Tighe SK;Tortorella A;Turecki G;Wray NR;Wright A;Zandi PP;Zilles D;Bauer M;Rietschel M;McMahon FJ;Schulze TG;Alda M
通讯作者：
Alda M