Understanding health effects pathways and thresholds: filling a critical need to support microplastics management
Understanding health effects pathways and thresholds: filling a critical need to support microplastics management
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了解健康影响途径和阈值：满足支持微塑料管理的关键需求
DOI：
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发表时间：
2022
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
S. Weisberg
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Scott Coffin;S. Weisberg
©作者(S)2022年。开放获取本文遵循知识共享署名4.0国际许可，允许以任何媒介或格式使用、共享、改编、分发和复制，只要您给予原始作者(S)和来源适当的信用，提供到知识共享许可的链接，并指出是否进行了更改。本文中的图像或其他第三方材料包括在文章的知识共享许可中，除非在材料的信用额度中另有说明。如果材料不包括在文章的知识共享许可中，并且您的预期使用不受法律法规的允许或超出允许的使用，您将需要直接从版权所有者那里获得许可。要查看本许可证的副本，请访问http：//creat IVECO MMons。Org/licen ses/by/4.0/。微塑料在水环境中普遍存在，据报道，微塑料存在于空气、湖泊、海洋、饮用水、沉积物、雪、动物甚至人类中[1-4]。自从20世纪70年代S[5]将塑料污染首次记录在海洋环境中以来，产量增长了10倍以上[6]，预计在未来20年内对环境的投入将增加两倍[7]。由于塑料在极长的时间尺度上降解[8]，并在从微生物到人类的整个食物链中被摄取、吸入或吸收，污染正引起环境管理人员越来越多的关注。许多动物无法区分微塑料和食物，造成了可能导致生长、繁殖和存活率下降的饱和挑战[12]。一旦微塑料进入食物网，人类就可以通过海鲜和其他方式食用它们。塑料颗粒本身的生物累积挑战和毒性的复杂性在于，塑料可以作为添加的化学品[14-16]和附着的病原体[17，18]的载体，为多种类型的污染物创造了一条潜在的暴露途径。此外，最小的微塑料可以穿透肠壁，并在阻碍器官功能的组织中积聚[19-21]。加利福尼亚州已经采取了强有力的管理行动来减少环境中的塑料数量，并正在制定更多的长期战略[22]。其中最突出的是第一次将水体列入联邦303(D)名单，因垃圾的存在而受损[23]。这一行动使水质机构能够发布一个被称为总最大日负荷(TMDL)的垃圾监管目标，迫使排放径流的实体减少垃圾负荷[24]。加利福尼亚州水资源控制委员会对此进行了扩展，修订了管理加州沿海海洋和淡水系统管理的总体规划，将垃圾作为水质损害纳入其中，要求排放径流的机构安装雨水管进水口装置，以捕获所有大于5毫米的颗粒，或制定替代计划，以同等速率捕获垃圾[25]。除了捕获进入海洋环境的塑料外，加州还一直在从源头上积极减少塑料。例如，加州选民在2016年批准了一项全州范围内禁止杂货店使用随身塑料袋的禁令[26]，并在2021年通过了一项法律，禁止餐馆向顾客分发一次性塑料食品，除非有要求[27]。为了限制初级微塑料的影响，加州颁布了关于生产前塑料颗粒的生产、处理和运输设施的法规[28]，并正在评估是否应该要求公司通过该州的绿色化学计划对含有故意添加的微塑料的产品进行替代分析[29]。为了具体解决微塑料对人类和水生态系统的风险，加利福尼亚州在2018年通过了两项立法授权。参议院法案1263要求加州海洋保护委员会在2022年前通过一项微塑料管理战略，以评估和减轻沿海海洋生态系统的生态风险开放获取微塑料和纳米塑料
© The Author(s) 2022. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http:// creat iveco mmons. org/ licen ses/ by/4. 0/. Microplastics are pervasive in the aqueous environment, having been reported in air, lakes, ocean, drinking water, sediment, snow, animals, and even humans [1–4]. Since plastic pollution was first documented in the marine environment in the 1970’s [5], production has increased more than 10-fold [6], and inputs into the environment are expected to triple over the next ~ 20 years [7]. Since plastic degrades over extremely long timescales [8] and is ingested, inhaled, or absorbed throughout the food chain from microscopic organisms to humans [9–11], contamination is causing increasing concern for environmental managers. Many animals cannot distinguish microplastics from food, creating the potential for satiation challenges that can lead to decreased growth, reproduction, and survival [12]. Once microplastics enter food webs, they can be consumed by humans through seafood and other means [13]. Compounding the bioaccumulation challenge and toxicity of plastic particles by themselves is that plastics can serve as vectors for added chemicals [14–16] and attached pathogens [17, 18], creating a potential exposure pathway for multiple types of contaminants. Additionally, the smallest microplastics can penetrate the gut wall and accumulate in tissues that obstruct organ function [19–21]. The State of California has already taken robust management actions to reduce the amount of plastics in the environment and is developing additional long-term strategies [22]. Prominent among those was the first assignment of a water body to the federal 303(d) list as impaired due to the presence of trash [23]. This action enabled water-quality agencies to issue a regulatory target for trash known as a total maximum daily load (TMDL), which compels entities that discharge runoff to reduce trash loading [24]. The California State Water Resources Control Board expanded on this by amending the master plans that govern management of California’s coastal ocean and freshwater systems to include trash as a water-quality impairment, requiring agencies that discharge runoff to install storm drain inlet devices that to capture all particles larger than 5 mm, or develop an alternate plan for capturing trash at equivalent rates [25]. In addition to capturing plastic entering the marine environment, California has also been aggressive at reducing plastics at the source. For example, California voters approved in 2016 a statewide ban on carry-out plastic bags at grocery stores [26], and in 2021, passed a law prohibiting restaurants from distributing single-use plastic food ware to customers, except upon request [27]. To limit impacts of primary microplastics, California enacted regulations on facilities that manufacture, handle and transport pre-production plastic pellets that serve as the raw materials for plastic production [28], and is evaluating whether companies should be required to perform alternatives analyses for products that contain intentionally added microplastics through the state’s green chemistry program [29]. To specifically address the risks of microplastics to humans and aquatic ecosystems, California passed two legislative mandates in 2018. Senate Bill 1263 requires the California Ocean Protection Council to adopt by 2022 a microplastics management strategy for assessing and mitigating ecological risks to coastal marine ecosystems Open Access Microplastics and Nanoplastics
DOI：
10.1186/s43591-022-00032-4
发表时间：
2022
期刊：
Microplastics and Nanoplastics
影响因子：
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作者：
Thornton Hampton, Leah M.;Lowman, Heili;Coffin, Scott;Darin, Emily;De Frond, Hannah;Hermabessiere, Ludovic;Miller, Ezra;de Ruijter, Vera N.;Faltynkova, Andrea;Kotar, Syd
通讯作者：
Kotar, Syd
DOI：
10.1186/s43591-021-00022-y
发表时间：
2022-01
期刊：
Microplastics and Nanoplastics
影响因子：
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作者：
R. Peters;Nadine de Jong;L. D. de Haan;S. Wright;H. Bouwmeester
通讯作者：
R. Peters;Nadine de Jong;L. D. de Haan;S. Wright;H. Bouwmeester
影响因子：
56.9
作者：
Tian, Zhenyu;Zhao, Haoqi;Kolodziej, Edward P.
通讯作者：
Kolodziej, Edward P.