Mechanistic Interplay between HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Enzyme Kinetics and Host SAMHD1 Protein: Viral Myeloid-Cell Tropism and Genomic Mutagenesis.

Mechanistic Interplay between HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Enzyme Kinetics and Host SAMHD1 Protein: Viral Myeloid-Cell Tropism and Genomic Mutagenesis.
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DOI:
10.3390/v14081622
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发表时间:
2022-07-26
期刊:
Viruses
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其他
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人类免疫缺陷病毒1型(HIV-1)逆转录酶(RT)是抗病毒药物发现、病毒复制动力学、耐药性和病毒进化研究的主要兴趣。感染并进入靶细胞后,HIV-1核心解体,病毒RT伴随将病毒RNA转化为双链前病毒DNA,其整合到宿主基因组中。病毒生命周期的成功完成高度依赖于RT的酶促DNA聚合酶活性。此外,HIV-1 RT长期以来一直被认为是一种容易出错的DNA聚合酶,因为它缺乏校对核酸外切酶的特性。事实上,HIV-1 RT的低保真度被认为是HIV-1独特的高诱变率的关键因素之一,这导致病毒有效地逃避免疫和治疗性抗病毒选择压力。有趣的是,一系列关于HIV-1在非分裂髓系细胞和髓系特异性宿主限制因子、SAM结构域和含HD结构域的蛋白SAMHD 1中的复制动力学的研究表明,髓系细胞嗜性和HIV-1的高诱变率在机制上是相关的。在这里,我们不仅回顾了HIV-1 RT作为一个关键的抗病毒靶点,而且还潜在的进化和机制之间的串扰独特的酶的HIV-1 RT,HIV-1的复制动力学,细胞嗜性,病毒的基因突变,和主机SAMHD 1蛋白的特点。
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) has been the primary interest among studies on antiviral discovery, viral replication kinetics, drug resistance, and viral evolution. Following infection and entry into target cells, the HIV-1 core disassembles, and the viral RT concomitantly converts the viral RNA into double-stranded proviral DNA, which is integrated into the host genome. The successful completion of the viral life cycle highly depends on the enzymatic DNA polymerase activity of RT. Furthermore, HIV-1 RT has long been known as an error-prone DNA polymerase due to its lack of proofreading exonuclease properties. Indeed, the low fidelity of HIV-1 RT has been considered as one of the key factors in the uniquely high rate of mutagenesis of HIV-1, which leads to efficient viral escape from immune and therapeutic antiviral selective pressures. Interestingly, a series of studies on the replication kinetics of HIV-1 in non-dividing myeloid cells and myeloid specific host restriction factor, SAM domain, and HD domain-containing protein, SAMHD1, suggest that the myeloid cell tropism and high rate of mutagenesis of HIV-1 are mechanistically connected. Here, we review not only HIV-1 RT as a key antiviral target, but also potential evolutionary and mechanistic crosstalk among the unique enzymatic features of HIV-1 RT, the replication kinetics of HIV-1, cell tropism, viral genetic mutation, and host SAMHD1 protein.
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