Co-evolution of primate SAMHD1 and lentivirus Vpx leads to the loss of the vpx gene in HIV-1 ancestor.

Co-evolution of primate SAMHD1 and lentivirus Vpx leads to the loss of the vpx gene in HIV-1 ancestor.
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灵长类动物 SAMHD1 和慢病毒 Vpx 的共同进化导致 HIV-1 祖先中 vpx 基因的丢失

DOI:
10.1371/journal.pone.0037477
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发表时间:
2012
期刊:
影响因子:
3.7
通讯作者:
Wu L
Wu L
中科院分区:
综合性期刊3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Zhang C;de Silva S;Wang JH;Wu L

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猴免疫缺陷病毒(SIV)对人类的跨物种传播和适应导致了人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)的产生。HIV-1(HIV-1)和HIV-2(HIV-2)分别来源于感染黑猩猩(SIVcpz)和煤烟性芒果(SIVsm)的SIV。HIV-1限制因子SAMHD1抑制人类髓系细胞中的HIV-1感染,并可被HIV-2的VPx蛋白和SIVsm谱系所抵消。然而,HIV-1及其祖先SIVcpz不编码VPX蛋白,并且HIV-1还没有进化出一种克服SAMHD1介导的限制的机制。在这里,我们发现灵长类动物SAMHD1和慢病毒VPX的共同进化导致了SIVcpz和HIV-1中VPX基因的丢失。我们在猩猩、长臂猿、恒河猴和猕猴中发现了SAMHD1阳性选择的证据,但在人类、黑猩猩和大猩猩中没有,这些人、黑猩猩和大猩猩分别是VPX阴性HIV-1、SIVcpz和SIVgor的天然宿主,这表明VPX驱动灵长类SAMHD1的进化。祖先宿主状态重建和时间动态分析表明,SIVrcm、SIVmnd、SIVcpz、SIVgor和HIV-1最近的共同祖先是具有Vpx基因的SIV;然而,SIVcpz的Vpx基因在大约3643到2969年前的黑猩猩感染期间丢失。因此,HIV-1不能从其祖先SIVcpz那里继承丢失的VPX基因。HIV-1中VPX的缺乏导致了髓系细胞的限制性感染,这对抗病毒免疫是重要的,这可能通过逃避免疫反应而导致艾滋病大流行。
Cross-species transmission and adaptation of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) to humans have given rise to human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs). HIV type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2) were derived from SIVs that infected chimpanzee (SIVcpz) and sooty mangabey (SIVsm), respectively. The HIV-1 restriction factor SAMHD1 inhibits HIV-1 infection in human myeloid cells and can be counteracted by the Vpx protein of HIV-2 and the SIVsm lineage. However, HIV-1 and its ancestor SIVcpz do not encode a Vpx protein and HIV-1 has not evolved a mechanism to overcome SAMHD1-mediated restriction. Here we show that the co-evolution of primate SAMHD1 and lentivirus Vpx leads to the loss of the vpx gene in SIVcpz and HIV-1. We found evidence for positive selection of SAMHD1 in orangutan, gibbon, rhesus macaque, and marmoset, but not in human, chimpanzee and gorilla that are natural hosts of Vpx-negative HIV-1, SIVcpz and SIVgor, respectively, indicating that vpx drives the evolution of primate SAMHD1. Ancestral host state reconstruction and temporal dynamic analyses suggest that the most recent common ancestor of SIVrcm, SIVmnd, SIVcpz, SIVgor and HIV-1 was a SIV that had a vpx gene; however, the vpx gene of SIVcpz was lost approximately 3643 to 2969 years ago during the infection of chimpanzees. Thus, HIV-1 could not inherit the lost vpx gene from its ancestor SIVcpz. The lack of Vpx in HIV-1 results in restricted infection in myeloid cells that are important for antiviral immunity, which could contribute to the AIDS pandemic by escaping the immune responses.
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0031
发表时间: 2010-08-27
期刊: Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences
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隐藏在明显的视线中:艾滋病毒如何逃避先天的免疫反应。
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