Resilience and efficiency in transportation networks.
Resilience and efficiency in transportation networks.
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DOI：
10.1126/sciadv.1701079
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发表时间：
2017-12
期刊：
影响因子：
13.6
通讯作者：
Linkov I
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ganin AA;Kitsak M;Marchese D;Keisler JM;Seager T;Linkov I
比较交通延误发现，一些拥有高效道路网络的城市比低效城市更具弹性。城市交通系统容易受到拥堵、事故、天气、特殊事件和其他代价高昂的延误的影响。虽然典型的政策反应优先考虑在正常情况下减少延误，以提高城市道路系统的效率，但对提高弹性（定义为系统从额外中断中恢复）的投资的分析支持仍然很少。在这项工作中，我们通过将十字路口映射为节点，将十字路口之间的路段映射为链接，将铺好的道路表示为运输网络。我们在美国人口普查局划定的40个城市地区建立了道路网络。我们开发并校准了一个使用链路负载来评估交通延迟的模型。负荷可被视为基于交通的中心性措施，估计使用相应路段的个人人数。效率估计为高峰时段汽车通勤者的年平均延误时间，模型结果与观测数据接近，但纽约市明显例外。弹性是根据道路中断导致的效率变化来估计的，并且发现在不同的城市之间有所不同，从洛杉矶的9.5%到旧金山的56.0%，由于道路连接随机丢失5%而增加的延误。结果表明，许多在正常条件下运行效率低下的城市道路系统仍然能够适应中断，而一些效率更高的城市则更加脆弱。这意味着，在道路项目选择中，应明确考虑韧性，而不仅仅是效率，并为与灾害和其他破坏相关的投资机会提供理由。
Comparing traffic delays finds that some cities with efficient road networks are less resilient than inefficient cities. Urban transportation systems are vulnerable to congestion, accidents, weather, special events, and other costly delays. Whereas typical policy responses prioritize reduction of delays under normal conditions to improve the efficiency of urban road systems, analytic support for investments that improve resilience (defined as system recovery from additional disruptions) is still scarce. In this effort, we represent paved roads as a transportation network by mapping intersections to nodes and road segments between the intersections to links. We built road networks for 40 of the urban areas defined by the U.S. Census Bureau. We developed and calibrated a model to evaluate traffic delays using link loads. The loads may be regarded as traffic-based centrality measures, estimating the number of individuals using corresponding road segments. Efficiency was estimated as the average annual delay per peak-period auto commuter, and modeled results were found to be close to observed data, with the notable exception of New York City. Resilience was estimated as the change in efficiency resulting from roadway disruptions and was found to vary between cities, with increased delays due to a 5% random loss of road linkages ranging from 9.5% in Los Angeles to 56.0% in San Francisco. The results demonstrate that many urban road systems that operate inefficiently under normal conditions are nevertheless resilient to disruption, whereas some more efficient cities are more fragile. The implication is that resilience, not just efficiency, should be considered explicitly in roadway project selection and justify investment opportunities related to disaster and other disruptions.
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对具有依赖关系的空间嵌入式网络的局部攻击。
影响因子：
4.6
作者：
Berezin Y;Bashan A;Danziger MM;Li D;Havlin S
通讯作者：
Havlin S
DOI：
10.1016/0191-2615(93)90016-4
发表时间：
1993-12-01
影响因子：
6.8
作者：
ALLEN, WB;LIU, D;SINGER, S
通讯作者：
SINGER, S
影响因子：
2.1
作者：
CAREY, M;HENDRICKSON, C
通讯作者：
HENDRICKSON, C
DOI：
10.1016/0191-2615(94)90002-7
发表时间：
1994-08-01
影响因子：
6.8
作者：
DAGANZO, CF
通讯作者：
DAGANZO, CF
DOI：
10.1016/s0965-8564(00)00003-3
发表时间：
2001-07-01
影响因子：
6.4
作者：
Chang, SE;Nojima, N
通讯作者：
Nojima, N