EGFR/TGFα and TGFβ/CTGF Signaling in Neuroendocrine Neoplasia: Theoretical Therapeutic Targets.
EGFR/TGFα and TGFβ/CTGF Signaling in Neuroendocrine Neoplasia: Theoretical Therapeutic Targets.
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神经内分泌肿瘤中的EGFR/TGFα和TGFβ/CTGF信号传导:理论治疗靶标。
DOI:
10.1159/000334891
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发表时间:
2013
影响因子:
4.1
通讯作者:
Modlin IM
中科院分区:
文献类型:
--
作者:
Kidd M;Schimmack S;Lawrence B;Alaimo D;Modlin IM
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a heterogeneous family of malignancies whose proliferation is partially dependent on growth factors secreted by the microenvironment and the tumor itself. Growth factors of demonstrated importance in experimental models of NENs include EGF, TGFα, TGFβ and CTGF. EGF and TGFα bind to EGFR to stimulate an intact RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway, leading to transcription of genes associated with cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis. Theoretically, TGFα stimulation can be inhibited at several points of the MAPK pathway, but success is limited to NEN models and is not evident in the clinical setting. TGFβ1 stimulates TGFβRI and II resulting neuroendocrine cell growth inhibition through SMAD-mediated activation of the growth inhibitor P21(WAF1/CIP1). Although some NENs are inhibited by TGFβ1, paradoxical growth is seen in experimental models of gastric and small intestinal NENs. Therapeutic targeting of TGFβ1 in NENs is therefore complicated by uncertainty regarding the direction of proliferative regulation accorded by TGFβ1 secretion. CTGF expression is associated with more malignant clinical phenotypes in a variety of cancers including NENs. CTGF promotes growth in gastric and small intestinal NEN models, and is implicated as a mediator of local and distant fibrosis caused by NENs of enterochromaffin cell origin. CTGF inhibitors are available but untried in NENs for their anti-proliferative effect. In summary, growth factors are essential to NEN proliferation, and although intervention targeting these proteins is effective in experimental models, limited clinical efficacy has been identified.
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影响因子:
3.8
作者:
Bergestuen DS;Gravning J;Haugaa KH;Sahakyan LG;Aakhus S;Thiis-Evensen E;Øie E;Aukrust P;Attramadal H;Edvardsen T
通讯作者:
Edvardsen T
影响因子:
3.1
作者:
CHAUDHRY, A;FUNA, K;OBERG, K
通讯作者:
OBERG, K
DOI:
10.1152/ajpgi.00131.2006
发表时间:
2007-01-01
影响因子:
4.5
作者:
Kidd, M.;Modlin, I. M.;Mane, S. M.
通讯作者:
Mane, S. M.
影响因子:
5.6
作者:
Krishnamurthy, S;Dayal, Y
通讯作者:
Dayal, Y
影响因子:
9.7
作者:
Kanashiro, CA;Schally, AV;Zarandi, M
通讯作者:
Zarandi, M