A Matador-like Predator Diversion Strategy Driven by Conspicuous Coloration in Guppies
A Matador-like Predator Diversion Strategy Driven by Conspicuous Coloration in Guppies
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由孔雀鱼的显眼颜色驱动的类似斗牛士的捕食者转移策略
DOI：
10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.017
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发表时间：
2020
期刊：
影响因子：
9.2
通讯作者：
Heathcote R
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Heathcote R
在上个世纪的大部分时间里，了解显眼颜色的适应功能一直是进化生物学的主要焦点。尽管在解释显色如何在性和社会信号、惊吓捕食者和宣传毒性等多种功能中发挥作用方面取得了相当大的进展，但仍有许多物种表现出显色，这是现有理论无法解释的。在这里，我们详细介绍了一种新的“斗牛士”式的基于特立尼达孔雀鱼（Poecilia reticulata）显色的反捕食策略。孔雀鱼遇到掠食性鱼类时，会迅速使虹膜变黑，从而增强眼睛的显眼性。通过让仿生机器孔雀鱼对抗真正的掠食性鱼类，我们发现这种明显的眼睛颜色可以将攻击从孔雀鱼的身体中心转移到头部。为了确定这种看似违反直觉的行为的功能，我们开发了一种方法来模拟活猎物与弹道攻击的捕食者相互作用时的逃跑概率，并发现这种转移效应对黑眼孔雀鱼非常有利，因为它们一旦捕食者承诺攻击，就会迅速转向远离捕食者以逃避捕获。值得注意的是，这种反捕食者策略扭转了通常观察到的猎物大小和逃避能力之间的负比例关系，大型鱼类从转移捕食者中获益最多。综上所述，我们的研究结果提出了一种新的反捕食者转移策略，这种策略可能会被那些依靠敏捷性逃离捕食者的明显有色猎物广泛使用。
Understanding the adaptive function of conspicuous coloration has been a major focus of evolutionary biology for much of the last century. Although considerable progress has been made in explaining how conspicuous coloration can be used in functions as diverse as sexual and social signaling, startling predators, and advertising toxicity [1], there remain a multitude of species that display conspicuous coloration that cannot be explained by existing theory. Here we detail a new "matador-like" divertive antipredator strategy based on conspicuous coloration in Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Guppies encountering predatory fish rapidly enhance the conspicuousness of their eyes by blackening their irises. By pitting biomimetic robotic guppies against real predatory fish, we show this conspicuous eye coloration diverts attacks away from the guppies' center of mass to their head. To determine the function of this seemingly counterintuitive behavior, we developed a method for simulating escape probabilities when live prey interact with ballistic attacking predators, and find this diversion effect significantly benefits black-eyed guppies because they evade capture by rapidly pivoting away from the predator once it has committed to its attack. Remarkably, this antipredator strategy reverses the commonly observed negative scaling relationship between prey size and evasive ability, with larger fish benefiting most from diverting predators. Taken together, our results introduce a new antipredator divertive strategy that may be widely used by conspicuously colored prey that rely on agility to escape their predators.
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