Environmental Factors Drive Chalcid Body Size Increases with Altitudinal Gradients for Two Hyper-Diverse Taxa.
Environmental Factors Drive Chalcid Body Size Increases with Altitudinal Gradients for Two Hyper-Diverse Taxa.
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环境因素导致两个超多样化分类单元的小锤体尺寸随着海拔梯度的增加而增加
作者：
生物体的大小与其生理和生态特征密切相关，并强烈影响其适应性。伯格曼规则最初广泛应用于恒温动物，该规则指出生活在较冷环境中的个体比生活在较温暖地区的个体更大。类似的地理模式也存在于各种变温动物群体中，但仍然存在争议，特别是在膜翅目动物中。在这项调查中，我们发现两个微小的小类群（翼龙科和翼龙科）随着海拔的升高，体型呈显着上升趋势。温度和降水对其尺寸变化起着至关重要的作用。这一结果揭示了寄生蜂的环境适应能力。体型是最重要的特征，与昆虫的寿命、繁殖力、代谢率和性别比显着相关。人们提出了许多生物地理规则来说明不同类群的体型大小与相应地理或环境因素之间的相关性。微小而多样的小球是否表现出相似的地理格局仍然鲜为人知。在这项研究中，我们分析了全球 2953 个标本的形态学数据，其中包括两个最丰富、最多样化的类群（翼龙科和翼龙科），它们均由现场采集的和 BOLD 系统标本组成。我们检查了前翅长度作为身体尺寸的替代指标，并使用两种方法（基于物种和基于组合的方法）分别分析了雄性和雌性的平均尺寸。为了验证伯格曼规则，我们将温度、降水量、风速和太阳辐射作为广义线性模型的解释变量来分析尺寸变化的原因。我们发现翼龙科和翼龙科的体型随着海拔的升高而增大。最优赤池信息准则（AIC）模型表明，较大尺寸与温度显着负相关，与降水显着正相关，并讨论和分析了这种变化的可能原因。
The size of an organism is closely correlated with its physiological and ecological characteristics and strongly influences its fitness. Bergmann’s rule, originally widely applied in homeotherms, states that individuals living in a colder environment are larger than those living in a warmer region. Similar geographical patterns are also found in various groups of poikilotherms, but are still controversial, especially in Hymenoptera. In this investigation, we found a significant upward trend in body size with increasing elevation in two tiny groups of Chalcids (Pteromalidae and Eulophidae). The temperature and precipitation play a crucial role in their size variation. This result casts light on the environmental adaptation of parasitoids. Body size is the most essential feature that significantly correlates with insects’ longevity, fecundity, metabolic rate, and sex ratio. Numerous biogeographical rules have been proposed to illustrate the correlation between the body sizes of different taxa and corresponding geographical or environmental factors. Whether the minute and multifarious chalcids exhibit a similar geographical pattern is still little known. In this research, we analyzed morphological data from 2953 specimens worldwide, including the two most abundant and diverse taxa (Pteromalidae and Eulophidae), which are both composed of field-collected and BOLD system specimens. We examined forewing length as a surrogate of body size and analyzed the average size separately for males and females using two methods (species and assemblage-based method). To verify Bergmann’s rule, we included temperature, precipitation, wind speed and solar radiation as explanatory variables in a generalized linear model to analyze the causes of the size variation. We found that there was an increasing trend in the body size of Pteromalidae and Eulophidae with altitude. The optimal Akaike information criterion (AIC) models showed that larger sizes are significantly negatively correlated with temperature and positively correlated with precipitation, and the possible reasons for this variation are discussed and analyzed.
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一组重要的生态指标（双翅目，chiromidae）中的全球大小模式是由纬度温度梯度驱动的。
影响因子：
3
作者：
Baranov V;Jourdan J;Hunter-Moffatt B;Noori S;Schölderle S;Haug JT
通讯作者：
Haug JT
DOI：
10.1002/joc.5086
发表时间：
2017-10-01
期刊：
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY
影响因子：
--
作者：
Fick, Stephen E.;Hijmans, Robert J.
通讯作者：
Hijmans, Robert J.
影响因子：
2.7
作者：
Colinet, H.;Boivin, G.;Hance, Th.
通讯作者：
Hance, Th.
影响因子：
5.9
作者：
Brehm, Gunnar;Zeuss, Dirk;Colwell, Robert K.
通讯作者：
Colwell, Robert K.
影响因子：
2.1
作者：
Garcia-Navas, V.;Noguerales, V.;Ortego, J.
通讯作者：
Ortego, J.