Behavioral Variation in Gorillas: Evidence of Potential Cultural Traits.
Behavioral Variation in Gorillas: Evidence of Potential Cultural Traits.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0160483
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发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Yamagiwa J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Robbins MM;Ando C;Fawcett KA;Grueter CC;Hedwig D;Iwata Y;Lodwick JL;Masi S;Salmi R;Stoinski TS;Todd A;Vercellio V;Yamagiwa J
除了人类之外，是否有任何物种都表现出文化的问题引起了很多争论，部分原因是很难从野外的观察研究中提供结论性的证据。证明包括黑猩猩和红毛猩猩在内的许多物种的文化存在的一个出发点是，在特定行为特征的发生中存在地理差异，这些行为特征被推断为社会学习的结果，而不是生态或遗传影响。大猩猩生活在非洲各种各样的栖息地，它们在饮食，行为和社会结构方面表现出灵活性。在这里，我们应用“排除法”来寻找存在/不存在的行为，可以被认为是潜在的文化特征，在习惯良好的群体从五个研究地点的两种大猩猩。在41种行为中，有23种符合潜在文化特征的标准，其中一种与觅食有关，九种与环境有关，七种与社会互动有关，五种与手势有关，一种与沟通有关。大猩猩研究地点之间的行为差异和地理距离之间存在很强的正相关。大约一半的潜在文化特征变异是种内差异（即物种内不同地点之间的变异），另外50%的潜在文化特征是西部和东部大猩猩之间的差异。需要进一步的研究来调查这些特征的发生是否受到社会学习的影响。这些发现强调了调查非洲猿和其他物种的文化特征以揭示人类文化起源的重要性。
The question of whether any species except humans exhibits culture has generated much debate, partially due to the difficulty of providing conclusive evidence from observational studies in the wild. A starting point for demonstrating the existence of culture that has been used for many species including chimpanzees and orangutans is to show that there is geographic variation in the occurrence of particular behavioral traits inferred to be a result of social learning and not ecological or genetic influences. Gorillas live in a wide variety of habitats across Africa and they exhibit flexibility in diet, behavior, and social structure. Here we apply the ‘method of exclusion’ to look for the presence/absence of behaviors that could be considered potential cultural traits in well-habituated groups from five study sites of the two species of gorillas. Of the 41 behaviors considered, 23 met the criteria of potential cultural traits, of which one was foraging related, nine were environment related, seven involved social interactions, five were gestures, and one was communication related. There was a strong positive correlation between behavioral dissimilarity and geographic distance among gorilla study sites. Roughly half of all variation in potential cultural traits was intraspecific differences (i.e. variability among sites within a species) and the other 50% of potential cultural traits were differences between western and eastern gorillas. Further research is needed to investigate if the occurrence of these traits is influenced by social learning. These findings emphasize the importance of investigating cultural traits in African apes and other species to shed light on the origin of human culture.
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影响因子：
2.5
作者：
Ganas, J;Robbins, MM;McNeilage, A
通讯作者：
McNeilage, A
影响因子：
9.8
作者：
Breuer, T;Ndoundou-Hockemba, M;Fishlock, V
通讯作者：
Fishlock, V
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.96.9.5077
发表时间：
1999-04-27
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Gagneux, P;Wills, C;Woodruff, DS
通讯作者：
Woodruff, DS
影响因子：
2.4
作者：
Grueter, Cyril C.;Ndamiyabo, Ferdinand;Robbins, Martha M.
通讯作者：
Robbins, Martha M.
影响因子：
1.3
作者：
Hedwig, Daniela;Hammerschmidt, Kurt;Boesch, Christophe
通讯作者：
Boesch, Christophe