Morphogenesis of the node and notochord: the cellular basis for the establishment and maintenance of left-right asymmetry in the mouse.
Morphogenesis of the node and notochord: the cellular basis for the establishment and maintenance of left-right asymmetry in the mouse.
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DOI：
10.1002/dvdy.21598
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发表时间：
2008-12
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Anderson, Kathryn V.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lee, Jeffrey D.;Anderson, Kathryn V.
小鼠胚胎中左右不对称的建立取决于淋巴结中的层流，这启动了局限于胚胎左侧的信号级联。左房液的流动取决于两个细胞过程：产生流动的纤毛的运动和结节的形态发生，纤毛所在的结构。在这里，我们提供了一个关于纤毛运动和节点结构的调节目前的理解和未解决的问题的概述。对小鼠突变体的分析表明，运动纤毛必须具有特定的结构和长度，并且它们必须指向后方以产生必要的体液流动。然而，运动纤毛的精确结构尚不清楚，纤毛在结细胞上的定位机制也尚未确定。小鼠节点是一个泪滴状的坑在早期胚胎的远端，但形态发生的事件，创造成熟的节点来自原始条纹的细胞只是开始被表征。最近的活体成像实验支持早期的扫描电子显微镜（SEM）研究，并表明节点组装是一个多步骤的过程中，集群的节点前体出现在胚胎表面上覆盖的内胚层细胞被删除。我们提出了额外的扫描电镜和共聚焦显微镜的研究，帮助定义在节点形态发生的过渡阶段。左侧信号启动后，与淋巴结相邻的脊索板在胚胎中线处产生一个屏障，将基因表达级联限制在胚胎左侧。该领域现在准备解剖遗传和细胞机制，这些机制创造和组织了左右不对称必不可少的淋巴结和中线的特化细胞。
Establishment of left-right asymmetry in the mouse embryo depends on leftward laminar fluid flow in the node, which initiates a signaling cascade that is confined to the left side of the embryo. Leftward fluid flow depends on two cellular processes: motility of the cilia that generate the flow and morphogenesis of the node, the structure where the cilia reside. Here we provide an overview of the current understanding and unresolved questions about the regulation of ciliary motility and node structure. Analysis of mouse mutants has shown that the motile cilia must have a specific structure and length, and that they must point posteriorly to generate the necessary leftward fluid flow. However, the precise structure of the motile cilia is not clear and the mechanisms that position cilia on node cells have not been defined. The mouse node is a teardrop-shaped pit at the distal tip of the early embryo, but the morphogenetic events that create the mature node from cells derived from the primitive streak are only beginning to be characterized. Recent live imaging experiments support earlier scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies and show that node assembly is a multi-step process in which clusters of node precursors appear on the embryo surface as overlying endoderm cells are removed. We present additional SEM and confocal microscopy studies that help define the transition stages during node morphogenesis. After the initiation of left-sided signaling, the notochordal plate, which is contiguous with the node, generates a barrier at the embryonic midline that restricts the cascade of gene expression to the left side of the embryo. The field is now poised to dissect the genetic and cellular mechanisms that create and organize the specialized cells of the node and midline that are essential for left-right asymmetry.
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影响因子：
64.8
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